Xanthomonas pisi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Vigna Angularis ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas pisi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pisum sativum (Leguminosae); by artificial inoculation: Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae), Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae), Phaseolus vulgaris, Trifolium spp., Vicia faba and Vigna angularis (Leguminosae). DISEASE: Stem rot of pea. The disease attacks stems or stipules at the soil level, rapidly extending upwards. On stems and stipules lesions appear primarily dark green and water-soaked. Lesions turn brown and papery with age; sometimes a chlorotic halo is evident. Leaflets and petioles are also attacked, frequently the base of leaflets adjoining the petioles become brown, papery and wither. By artificial inoculation isolates are strongly pectolytic, causing soft rot in vegetable tissues such as those from Allium cepa, Daucus carota, Rhaphanus sativus and Solanum tuberosum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Not known.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus is plurivorous; hosts include Brassica oleracea var. capitata, B. chinensis, Helianthus annuus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Arachis hypogaea, Carthamus tinctorius, Citrus, Coriandrum sativum, Cucumis melo, Curcurbita pepo, Glycine max, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Lactuca saliva, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Cucumis sativus. DISEASE: The fungus causes dieases with several common names, e.g. cottony soft rot, white mould and watery soft rot. It is generally more important as a pathogen of vegetables in the field, during transit and in store. Woody plants, grasses and cereals are rarely attacked. Crops attacked include: cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata and B. chinensis; 4, 713; 37, 611; 39, 515; 51, 2958); sunflower (Helianthus annuus; 3, 274; 4, 289; 8, 246; 38, 9; 43, 2012; 50, 3095; 51, 3486; 54, 4600; 55, 2832); common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris; 1, 116; 25, 592; 33, 401; 34, 425; 40, 446; 51, 870; 52, 531; 53, 731, 2373, 4183; 54, 4252, 4694; 55, 970); groundnut (Arachis hypogaea; 53, 3708); safflower (Carthamus tinctorius; 3, 650); citrus (Citrus spp. ; 24, 500; 43, 2910); coriander (Coriandrum sativum; 43, 2373); melon (Cucumis melo; 50, 1543; 53, 1109); squash (Curcurbitapepo; 50, 446); soyabean (Glycine max; 52, 3485; 53, 335, 336) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum; 33, 56); tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; 12, 729; 14, 126; 38, 279; 39, 46; 55, 2355); lettuce (Lactuca saliva; 16, 13); roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa; 14, 106); cucumber (Cucumis sativus; 55, 2953). Most plant parts, above and at soil level, of herbaceous crops can be attacked at any age. The first symptoms are frequently the collapse of the plant due to stem infection near the soil. A soft rot develops, followed by the conspicuous, external white mycelium and the sclerotia which are often formed in the pith. Infections which arise at some height above soil level frequently begin from withering or fallen petals, infected by ascospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread but the disease is one of relatively cool moist conditions. In the Mediterranean area little or no disease occurs in the summer (31, 250; 43, 14). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne ascospores are the most important means of spread (12, 193; 33, 56, 401; 37, 611; 42, 527; 54, 4252, 4694; 55, 442, 970). The sclerotia (from which the apothecia arise) are the primary survival structures, in soil and host debris. Survival time is very variable but can be high after 3 years in soil (42, 244; 43, 2756; 45, 818; 50, 1621; 52, 3956; 54, 3712, 4252; Hoes, Phytopathology 65: 1431, 1975). Mycelium from sclerotia can also cause infection. Seed may be an infective source, either from contaminating sclerotia or internal mycelium (38, 169; 43, 1376; 47, 1998; 51, 3487; 52, 3485; 53, 335, 336).

Pythium butleri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Citrullus Vulgaris ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Ginger Rhizome

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium butleri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis pepo, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis (on inoculation), Zingiber officinalis. DISEASES: Foot rot of papaw; soft rot of ginger rhizome; damping-off of tobacco, tomato and chill); cottony rot of cucurbits (plants and fruits) and stem and pod rot of string-bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Equatorial and West); Asia (India) and North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be propagated in diseased planting material in the case of ginger rhizomes.

Pseudomonas pisi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Local Spread ◽  
Lathyrus Odoratus ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Plant Surfaces

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas pisi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Pisum sativum, P. sativum var. arvense, Lathyrus odoratus, L. latifolius, Vicia benghalensis, Lablab niger and Vigna sp. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of peas. The dark green water-soaked lesions may appear on any of the above ground parts of infected plants. They enlarge and coalesce if humidity is high. Older lesions are brown and papery, especially on the pods. In badly infected pods the seed may be covered with bacterial slime, and the organisms may penetrate the seed by way of the funicle and micropyle (7: 214). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Found in many of the world's pea growing areas and on all continents (CMI Map 253, ed. 3, 1963). The disease has recently been reported from Armenia (42: 505). TRANSMISSION: The bacteria are carried and mav overwinter on and within the seed, where they remain viable for at least 10 months (7: 214). The pattern of local spread suggests that the organism travels in drainage water. Water droplets on plant surfaces probably also play a part, as infection takes place through both wounds and stomata.

Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Soil Level

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Solanum tuberosum. The occasional reports of other plants attacked mostly involve confusion of identity with other species of Erwinia. Of numerous reports in the Review of Plant Pathology since 1922, all are unlikely except the occurrences on Delphinium ajacis and lupin. Graham (1972) does record the examination of 8 isolates originating from other plants, 6 from UK, all of which could produce blackleg in potato, and 2 from Japan that could not. Five agglutinated with astroseptica antiserum, 3 did not. The origins were: Chinese cabbage and carrot in Japan, and tomato, cauliflower, Iris rhizome and water from cress beds in UK. Many plants are infected by artificial wound inoculation, but most show soft rot rather than blackleg symptoms. DISEASE: Blackleg of potato. Affected plants are usually stunted, with pale or yellowish leaves. Upper leaves are stiff and erect, and curl upwards at their margins. The stems near the soil level are black or dark brown and rotted; sticky but not softened. In prolonged wet weather plants may wilt and collapse rapidly. The seedpiece rots rapidly, and in severe attacks young tubers rot from the stem end. In milder attacks most tubers may appear healthy at harvest, only to rot in storage. Spread of the rot to healthy tubers in storage can cause severe losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Liable to be found in most places where potatoes are grown. CMI Map 131, ed. 3, 1973, lists 48 countries in all continents. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread within an area and between areas in infected seed tubers that may appear healthy when planted. Tubers whose surfaces are contaminated with bacteria can also suffer infection either through wounds and growth cracks, or through the lenticels in the presence of free water, when cell proliferation is stimulated and ruptures the suberised plug at the lenticel opening. The bacteria do not penetrate the periderm directly. Transmission through the soil occurs at high inoculum and moisture levels (54, 4622), and the bacterium has been found to move with the ground water more than 3 m along a row away from infected seed tubers (51, 5e). Overwintering of the bacteria in soil is possible but varies between seasons and areas, and may not occur every season (30, 485; 53, 3597). Transmission by insects (54, 4624; 55, 5330) and by farm machinery (54, 4622) is also possible. In damp, poorly ventilated storage there is rapid spread directly from tuber to tuber. This can cause not only serious losses, but also widespread infection and contamination of seed potatoes for the following year.

Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Gibberella Fujikuroi ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pokkah Boeng ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On several hosts of economic importance in the Gramineae; also on a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Amaryllidaceae, Anacardiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cruciferae, Iridaceae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Marantaceae, Musaceae, Palmae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae (14: 708; 31: 515; 36: 501; 40: 89 and Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causes a seedling blight, and root, stalk and kernel rot of maize; also on heads and stalks of sorghum associated with a foot and stem rot, and causing a stem rot and top rot of sugar-cane ('pokkah boeng'). Other records include a wilt of Crotalaria, a heart rot of leaves of banana and Manila hemp, and fruit rot of banana, cacao and pineapple. There appear to be no references to pathogenicity to rice. Also entomogenous on cereal stem borer larvae and other insects (27: 71; 33: 382; 38: 141, 740). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Uganda); Asia (Formosa (Taiwan), Hong Kong, India, Java, Indo-China, Philippines, Syria); Australasia (Hawaii, New South Wales, New Zealand, Victoria); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Germany,? Italy, Poland, Romania); Central America & West Indies (French Antilles, Honduras, Trinidad); North America (Canada, United States); South America (Argentina, Peru). (CMI Map 191). TRANSMISSION: Both seed and soil-borne. Air-borne ascospores produced from perithecia on over-wintered plant debris or on dead stalks of sugar-cane at the beginning of the rainy season are also important sources of infection (30: 344). The pathogen may also be disseminated on pupae and adults of cereal stem borers and their parasites in sugar-cane (33: 382).

XVII.—The Endodermis in Light-grown and Etiolated Shoots of the Leguminosæ: A Contribution to the Causal Study of Differentiation in the Plant

1935 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Lens Esculenta ◽  
Normal Shoot ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Unpublished Work

Twelve years ago Priestley and Ewing (1923) reported that in certain plants, normally showing but little development of stem-endodermis, an extensive formation of this layer could be induced by etiolation. (Note: In this paper the term endodermis is used only when the layer shows characteristic structural features—in the present case the Casparian strip.) A later paper by Priestley (1926) dealt with the same subject. The specified plants with which this result was obtained consisted of four closely related species, namely, Vicia Faba, V. sativa*, Pisum sativum, and Lens esculenta*, and also Solanum tuberosum. (The statements relating to the species marked with an asterisk are based on unpublished work carried out at Leeds, kindly placed at the author's disposal by Professor J. H. Priestley.) In these plants a primary endodermis, though present only at the base of the normal shoot, was described as extending to a considerable height in the etiolated shoot. It was concluded that the absence of endodermis from the greater part of the shoot of these plants, when grown under normal conditions, arises from the inoperation, in the presence of light, of the mechanism forming the Casparian strip.

scholarly journals Stem Rot on Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 4 HGI in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suli Sun ◽  
Changjian Xia ◽  
Jiqing Zhang ◽  
Canxing Duan ◽  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Adzuki Bean ◽  
Vigna Angularis

Clavibacter XYLI subsp. cynodontis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Ecological Significance ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
White Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Clavibacter XYLI subsp. cynodontis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cynodon dactylon, where it is limited to the xylem. It also multiplies in the xylem of sugar cane and a Sudan grass-sorghum hybrid when artificially inoculated, but symptoms are not produced (61, 4328). Further host range not yet recorded. DISEASE: Bermuda grass stunting disease. Natural occurrences so far discovered have been in combination with mycoplasma-like organisms thought to cause white leaf and witches' broom symptoms. The presence of the bacterium causes considerably more severe symptoms. The full ecological significance of this bacterium has not yet been evaluated, but a further stress is usually required to produce noticeable symptoms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan, USA (Florida). TRANSMISSION: So far only mechanical transmission, by artificial inoculation, is known. Cutting blades and possibly grazing animals are likely to spread the infection.

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