Fasciola gigantica: surface topography of the adult tegument

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dangprasert ◽  
W. Khawsuk ◽  
A. Meepool ◽  
C. Wanichanon ◽  
V. Viyanant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Aspect ◽  
Tegumental Surface ◽  
Type 3

Adult Fasciola gigantica are leaf-shaped with tapered anterior and posterior ends and measure about 35 mm in length and 15 mm in width across the mid section. Under the scanning electron microscope its surface appears rough due to the presence of numerous spines and surface foldings. Both oral and ventral suckers have thick rims covered with transverse folds and appear spineless. On the anterior part of the ventral surface of the body, the spines are small and closely-spaced. Each spine has a serrated edge with 16 to 20 sharp points, and measures about 20 μm in width and 30 μm in height. In the mid-region the spines increase in size (up to 54 μm in width and 58 μm in height) and number, especially towards the lateral aspect of the body. Towards the posterior end the spines progressively decrease in both size and number. The tegumental surface between the spines appears highly corrugated with transverse folds alternating with grooves. At higher magnifications the surface of each fold is further increased with a meshwork of small ridges separated by variable-sized pits or slits. There are three types of sensory papillae on the surface. Types 1 and 2 are bulbous, measuring 4–6 μm in diameter at the base with nipple-like tips, and the type 2 also have short cilia. Type 3 papillae are also bulbous and of similar size but with a smooth surface. These sensory papillae usually occur in clusters, each having between 2 and 15 units depending on the region of the body. Clusters of papillae on the lateral aspect (usually types 1 and 2) and around the suckers (type 3) tend to be more numerous and larger in size. The dorsal side of the body exhibits similar surface features, but the spines and papillae appear less numerous and are smaller. Corrugation and invaginations of the surface are also less extensive than on the ventral side of the body.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic and evolutionary patterns of septal neck transformation in the Ammonoidea

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 175-175
Author(s):  
Neil H. Landman ◽  
Kazushige Tanabe ◽  
Wolfgang Weitschat ◽  
Royal H. Mapes
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Side ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
Nacreous Layer ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Septal Neck

Four types of septal necks are present in the Ammonoidea: (1) retrochoanitic (entirely projected adapically), (2) modified retrochoanitic (projected adorally or both adorally and adapically on the dorsal side and adapically on the ventral side), (3) amphichoanitic (projected both adorally and adapically), and (4) prochoanitic (entirely projected adorally). Each septal neck is continuous with the rest of the septum and consists primarily of a nacreous layer. A spherulitic-prismatic deposit called the auxiliary deposit commonly appears on the adoral side of the septal neck and covers the inner surface of the nacreous layer. Another spherulitic-prismatic deposit (cuff) may also occur on the adapical side of prochoanitic necks. In all of the Paleozoic suborders except Goniatitina (Prolecanitina, Bactritina, Anarcestina, Agoniatitina, Clymeniina, Gonioclymeniina and Tornoceratina), type 1 necks are present throughout ontogeny (1→1). In the Goniatitina as well as in the Ceratitina, type 1 necks either persist throughout ontogeny (1→1) or develop into type 2 necks (1→2). In the Phylloceratina, type 1 necks are present in early to middle ontogeny, later developing into type 3 necks (1→3). In the Lytoceratina, type 1 necks are only present in very early ontogeny and are immediately replaced by type 4 necks (1→4). In the Ancyloceratina and Ammonitina (with few exceptions), only type 4 necks occur (4→4). Type 1 necks evidently represent the primitive condition. Variation among suborders in the ontogenetic timing of the transformation from the primitive condition to one of the three more derived conditions may be the result of heterochronic processes such as acceleration or predisplacement. However, the pattern of septal neck transformation within suborders is more or less stable and was probably established at the time each suborder originated.

Scanning electron microscopic study of the tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma mekongi

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vongpayabal ◽  
P. Sobhon ◽  
E. S. Upatham ◽  
C. Wanichanon ◽  
V. Mitranond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Aspect ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Schistosoma Mekongi ◽  
Central Crater ◽  
Scanning Electron

SUMMARYThe surface topography of the tegument of adult Schistosoma mekongi was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In comparison to other species of human schistosomes the male tegument lacks tubercles and, except in the gynecophoral canal, also lacks spines; instead the surface is composed chiefly of trabeculae of highly perforated ridges which give it the ‘spongy’ appearance. In addition, there are 3 kinds of papillae interspersed on the surface among the ridges. The first is a doughnut-shaped papilla with a central crater which is most abundant on the ventral surface of the anterior part, on the floor of the gynecophoral canal and on the dorsal-lateral aspect of the tail. The second is a pleomorphic papilla with irregular shape and size, which is scattered throughout the dorso-lateral aspect of the middle part of the body. The third type of papilla has a uniform hemispherical shape, possesses a cilium projecting from its apex and probably corresponds to the ‘sensory papilla’ found in other species. The tegument of the female differs from that of the male by having numerous short spines over the whole surface; however, the pleomorphic papillae are much fewer in number and the ridges are much less developed than those of the male tegument; complex trabeculae are absent.

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

scholarly journals Identification of types of buffaloes available in Kanihari buffalo pocket of Mymensingh district

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Md Mahmodul Hasan Sohel ◽  
Md Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Coat Color ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Body Appearance ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
River Type

The buffaloes are reared by many races under diverse agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh. The buffaloes of Bangladesh are mostly indigenous in origin. Both the swamp and river type buffaloes are found in Bangladesh and they can be found throughout the country. However, their concentration is higher in coastal part, Meghna-Ganga and Jamuna-Brahamaputra flood plain, subsequently forming buffalo pockets. This study was conducted to identify the types of buffaloes and the sources of breeding buffaloes in one of those buffalo pockets called Kanihari buffalo pocket situated in Mymenshing district. Direct interviewing method was used to collect the data from the owner of the buffaloes. According to the body shape, coat color and horn pattern, buffaloes of this region were categorized into different categories. Abundant natural green grasses in the river bank of old Brahammaputra gave this area as a shape of a buffalo pocket. This pocket does not have any distinct breed and the buffalo population is mostly mixed and exotic. Introduction of swamp germplasm occurred when buffalo cows are temporarily migrated to Bathan area of Sylhet. Morphometric characteristics (coat color, horn pattern and body appearance) of Type-1, Type-2 and Type-3 buffaloes are similar to Murrah group (Murrah and Nili- Ravi), Surti group and indigenous river type buffaloes, respectively. This is the first study which identifies and morphologically characterizes the buffalo population in Kanihari buffalo pocket; however, in depth genotypic study is required in order to identify the origin or breeds available in this area.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 109-115, April 2015

Pattern of Motor Coordination Underlying Backward Swimming in the Lamprey

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma S. Islam ◽  
Pavel V. Zelenin ◽  
Grigori N. Orlovsky ◽  
Sten Grillner ◽  
Tatiana G. Deliagina
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Complete Transection ◽  
Lateral Body ◽  
Propagating Waves

The main form of locomotion in the lamprey (a lower vertebrate, cyclostome) is forward swimming (FS) based on periodical waves of lateral body flexion propagating from head to tail. The lamprey is also capable of backward swimming (BS). Here we describe the kinematical and electromyographic (EMG) pattern of BS, as well as the effects on this pattern exerted by different lesions of the spinal cord. The BS was evoked by tactile stimulation of a large area in the anterior part of the body. Swimming was attributed to the waves of lateral body undulations propagating from tail to head. The EMG bursts on the two sides alternated, and the EMG in more caudal segments led in phase the EMG in more rostral segments. Main kinematical characteristics of BS strongly differed from those of FS: the amplitude of undulations was much larger and their frequency lower. Also, the maintenance of the dorsal-side-up body orientation ascribed to vestibular postural reflexes (typical for FS) was not observed during BS. A complete transection of the spinal cord did not abolish the generation of forward-propagating waves rostral to the lesion. After a lateral hemisection of the spinal cord, the BS pattern persisted on both sides rostral to the lesion; caudal to the lesion, it was present on the intact side and reduced or abolished on the lesioned side. The role of the spinal cord in generation of different forms of undulatory locomotion (FS and BS) is discussed.

scholarly journals Brachyplatystom a promagdalena, new species, a fossil goliath catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Miocene of Colombia, South America

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Large River ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Aquatic Vertebrates ◽  
Deep Cavities ◽  
The Guianas

A fossil Weberian complex of a large pimelodid catfish from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of central Colombia originally identified as Brachyplatystoma sp. is described as a new, extinct species. Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, new species, is diagnosed by three autapomorphic characters: fifth centrum with a massive midventral expansion containing deep cavities and heavy ridges; first and compound centra contribute to a pair of prominent anterolateral processes before the ventral ends of the ossa suspensoria; and compound centrum with an anteriorly concave low ridge crossing its ventral surface posterior to aortic canal foramen. Brachyplatystoma promagdalena is compared to modern congeneric species and placed in the subgenus Malacobagrus with B. filamentosum, B. capapretum and B. rousseauxii. This group is characterized by synapomorphies of the texture and form of the first vertebra; texture and form of the dorsal side of the fourth transverse process; and presence of a bony gas bladder platform on the ventral side of the fourth transverse process. Today Brachyplatystoma ranges widely across the lowland Orinoco and Amazon and some river basins of the Guianas. The genus does not occur west or north of the Andes or Venezuelan coastal ranges. The Miocene species of Brachyplatystoma signals the former large river and biotic connection between the paleo-Amazonas-Orinoco system and central Colombia, a region now drained by the río Magdalena. Other fossils of aquatic vertebrates from the La Venta fauna show this same biogeographic relationship.

scholarly journals Anatomical basis of erector spinae plane block: a dissection and histotopographic pilot study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Bonvicini ◽  
Rafael Boscolo-Berto ◽  
Alessandro De Cassai ◽  
Michele Negrello ◽  
Veronica Macchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Erector Spinae ◽  
Paravertebral Space ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Dye Diffusion

Abstract Purpose Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is an interfascial blockade used in different clinical scenarios. This study investigated the ventral extent of dye diffusion in ESP block. Methods The ultrasound-guided ESP block was bilaterally performed with an injection at the T5 vertebral level (21-Gauge, 50 mm needle), using diluted black tissue marking dye (20 mL; 1:4 ratio with standard saline solution) instead of local anesthetic on two fresh-frozen corpses within the body donation program of the University of Padova. Subsequently, the gross anatomical dissection was performed by a combined posterior plus anterior approach, and the histotopographic examination completed. Results Macroscopically by gross anatomical dissection, the dye spreading ranged on the dorsal side of the chest from T2/3 to T10/11 with an extension up to 10 cm laterally, and on the ventral side of the chest from T2/3–T9/10. Microscopically by histotopographic examination, the dye diffused ventrally to the intercostal spaces (2–3 and 5–6 spaces on the right and left, respectively) by following the blood vessels coupled to the dorsal nerve passing through the costotransverse foramen. Conclusions The anterior pathway of dye diffusion from the site of injection within the erector spinae muscle group during an ESP block seems to follow the blood vessels and dorsal rami of spinal nerves, suggesting the passing through the costotransverse foramen to reach the anterior paravertebral space and the intercostal nerves. These findings display an anterior histotopographic diffusion of dye resembling a paravertebral block.

On a New Trematode from a Black-necked Stork, Xenorhynchns asiaticus

1962 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
S. Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Sucker ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Region ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Posterior Border

These trematodes were collected from the large intestine of a black-necked stork which had died in the Zoological Gardens, London. All the specimens present are damaged and there is only one piece showing the anterior part containing the head collar. It was not possible to determine the exact length of the specimens, but they are long and slender and measure at least 18 mm. in length. The body is almost uniform in width except in the regions of the ventral sucker and the testes where it is broader. The cuticle is thickly covered with spines in the anterior region of the body from the posterior border of the head collar to the posterior rim of the ventral sucker. On the dorsal surface the spines form a semicircle around the region of the ventral sucker and extend on either side of it. On the ventral surface very few spines are present on the sides of the sucker. The size of these spines varies a lot; in the anterior part they are very small, their size increasing towards the posterior region up to the end of the oesophagus from where it decreases again till the last row of spines which are very small.

Direct development in a Nudibranch, Cadlina laevis, with a discussion of developmental processes in Opisthobranchia

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Direct Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retractor Muscle ◽  
Veliger Larvae ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Egg Capsule

Cadlina laevis (L.) is the first British species of nudibranch shown to possess direct development. The embryo leaves the egg-capsule approximately 50 days (at 10° C) after oviposition, and resembles the adult in the general form of the body. Sufficient food reserves remain to sustain life and apparent growth for more than 1 week of benthic life. A vestigial veliger phase is passed through within the egg-capsule. The shell, velum, mantle, and metapodium-rudiment resemble transitorily those organs of opisthobranch veliger larvae, but certain veliger structures (larval kidney, velar locomotor and pedal cilia) are vestigial in Cadlina, and others are altogether absent (operculum, larval retractor muscle, subvelar ridges, metapodial mucus-gland, pedal sensory cilia, and nephrocysts).In the Opisthobranchia three distinct development types can be recognized. Type 1 includes those species which possess planktotrophic veliger larvae. Type 2 comprises the species which have lecithotrophic larvae (in the sense employed by Ockelmann, 1965). Type 3 species have direct development, in which many veliger structures may be briefly recapitulated before hatching. Species of type 3 possess eggs of the largest sizes, species of type 2 in general have smaller eggs, while species of type 1 possess the smallest eggs. There is a positive correlation between egg size and the length of the embryonic period, and an inverse correlation between both and batch size. Within any development-type, the largest species tend to produce larger eggs in greater numbers. Within any species, the largest individuals tend to produce more eggs than do the smaller individuals; egg size varies little through the geographical range.

Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of Acetes (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia, Sergestidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 277 (957) ◽  
pp. 429-456 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Antennal Segment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medial Side ◽  
Crustacean Sensilla ◽  
Basal Portion ◽  
Angle Bend ◽  
Type 3

Many mesopelagic shrimps, including all Sergestidae and some Penaeidae, have long second antennae with similar patterns of setation. The morphology of the antenna and the ultrastructure of five types of antennal setae of the sergestid Acetes sibogae australis are described. The basal portion of the antenna of Acetes is normally held at about right angles to the long axis of the body; the antenna has a right-angle bend about a third of the way along its length and its distal two-thirds trails parallel to the body as the animal swims. Distal to the flexure each antennal segment bears a pair of type 1 setae, which bear lateral setules forming an almost closed tube on the medial side of the antenna. Although they have elaborate tracts leading from them, we believe that the type 1 setae are uninnervated. Two kinds of type 2 setae project into the lumen of the tube formed by the type 1 setae; thick type 2B setae have abundant setules nearly occluding the lumen of the tube and occur only just beyond the flexure; thin type 2A setae have fewer setules and occur at widening intervals along the full length of the tube. Both kinds are innervated by four neurones, three of which bear a ciliary dendrite, one a paraciliary dendrite. These four dendrites lose their microtubular structure proximal to the setal base but the tubule containing their amorphous extensions is fastened to the base of the seta by an amorphous electron-dense material. Both kinds of type 2 setae have a well-developed scolopale and are almost certainly mechanoreceptors. The proximal portion of the antenna bears four types of setae. Type 3 setae are paired, unadorned cylinders with a pore at the tip; although externally similar the type 3 A setae are innervated by three dendrites and the type 3 B by eight to ten. The dendrites of both 3 A and 3B setae have a short ciliary segment and poorly developed scolopales. Type 3 setae are probably chemoreceptors. A single setule-bearing type 4 seta occurs at the distal end of each segment of the basal third of the antenna closely associated with a pair of type 3 setae. Type 4 setae are innervated by three neurones each bearing a ciliary dendrite. These dendrites fuse distally and are attached to the wall of the seta at its base by dense amorphous material. Type 4’s have a well-developed scolopale and are probably mechanoreceptors. Type 5 setae are setule bearing, located on the posterior side of the antenna, and larger than the type 4’s, but their internal structure is identical to that of the type 4’s and they are also presumed mechanoreceptors. There are four to seven pairs of sparsely setuled type 6 setae found only within the antennal flexure and paired, setule-bearing type 7 setae are located at the tip of the antenna. Both types are presumed mechanoreceptors but their ultrastructure was not investigated. Literature on the ultrastructure of crustacean sensilla is summarized and compared with the results of the present study. Setal function and arrangement are then discussed in terms of the known behaviour and ecology of sergestids.

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