scholarly journals Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive duration at 6 months by social class – results from the Millennium Cohort Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
YJ Kelly ◽  
RG Watt
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectivesTo assess breast-feeding initiation and rates of exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months after birth, and to examine social class differences in breast-feeding rates.DesignFirst sweep of a longitudinal population-based survey, the Millennium Cohort Study.SettingFour countries of the UK.SubjectsSubjects were 18 125 singletons born over a 12-month period spanning 2000–01. Data were collected by parental interview on the initiation of breast-feeding and exclusivity at 1, 4 and 6 months after birth.ResultsOverall breast-feeding was initiated for 71% of babies, and by 1, 4 and 6 months of age the proportions being exclusively breast-fed were 34%, 3% and 0.3%, respectively. There were clear social class differences and mothers with routine jobs with the least favourable working conditions were more than four times less likely (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18–0.29) to initiate breast-feeding compared with women in higher managerial and professional occupations. Women in routine jobs were less likely to exclusively breast-feed their infants at 1 month (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.36–0.50) and 4 months (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.31–0.77) compared with women in higher managerial and professional occupations.ConclusionsClear social class differences in breast-feeding initiation and exclusivity for the first 4 months were apparent in this large UK sample. By 6 months, less than 1% of babies were being exclusively breast-fed. A co-ordinated multi-faceted strategy is required to promote breast-feeding, particularly among lower-income women.

BREAST-FEEDING IN BOSTON

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-303
Author(s):  
Eva J. Salber ◽  
Manning Feinleib
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Incidence of breast-feeding has been examined in 2,233 women who gave birth to babies in hospitals in Boston, Brookline, and Newton in August or September, 1963. Information on breast-feeding was obtained from the mothers by mailed questionnaires and by telephone. Twenty-two per cent of the mothers attempted breast-feeding. Five per cent of the total population breast-fed their babies for 6 months or more. Sex and birth weight of babies do not affect frequency of breast-feeding. Social class is found to be the most important variable affecting incidence of breast feeding. Women who are married to students exhibit the highest incidence of breast-feeding (69.3%). Upper social class women breast-feed more frequently (39.8%) than women in lower social classes (13.6%). Students do not show any variation in breast-feeding patterns by age of mother, parity, or birthplace, but these variables do influence the breast-feeding patterns of women in other social classes.

Breast-Feeding Rates Among Black Urban Low-Income Women: Effect of Prenatal Education

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Kistin ◽  
Dessa Benton ◽  
Sita Rao ◽  
Myrtis Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Prenatal Education ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Low Income Women ◽  
Breast Fed

Many factors are associated with low breast-feeding rates among black low-income women. This study examines whether, despite such factors, health professionals' prenatal education of black poor women is assoicated with increased breast-feeding rates. Black women born in the United States who attended a midwives prenatal clinic (N = 159) were randomly assigned to two types of prenatal education or were followed up in a control group. All women were interviewed on entry into the study and after delivery of their infants. Women assigned to group classes attended at least one session discussing myths, problems, and benefits of breast-feeding. Women assigned to individual prenatal counseling spoke with a pediatrician or nurse practitioner, who discussed breast-feeding topics similar to those covered in the classes. Women in the control group received no additional prenatal education. The three study groups had significantly different percentages of women who breast-fed (controls 22%, classes 46%, individual sessions 53%). Higher percentages of women in the study groups carried out their prenatal plans to breast-feed (controls 50%, classes 86%, individual sessions 62%) or breast-fed despite prenatal plans to bottle-feed (controls 10%, classes 26%, individual sessions 48%). After multivariable analysis controlling for age, prenatal pians to breast-feed, prior breast-feeding experience, perceived support for breast-feeding, education, gravidity, and employment plans, women in intervention groups had a higher likelihood of breast-feeding than control subjects. These findings suggest that an increase in relatively simple, not-too-time-consuming educational efforts in institutions and offices serving black low-income women might yield significant narrowing of the gap in breast-feeding rates between white affluent women and black low-income women.

scholarly journals Maternal prenatal attitudes and postnatal breast-feeding behaviours in rural Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine A Yu ◽  
Joan S Thomas ◽  
Aatekah Owais ◽  
Noor Tirmizi ◽  
ASG Faruque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Prenatal Counselling ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Exclusive Or ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Feeding Behaviours

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationships between maternal breast-feeding intention, attitudes, self-efficacy and knowledge at 7 months’ gestation with exclusive or full breast-feeding at 3months postpartum.DesignProspective cohort study with structured home interviews during pregnancy and 3 months after delivery.SettingTwo rural sub-districts of Kishoreganj district, Bangladesh.SubjectsMother–infant dyads.ResultsOver 80 % of 2178 pregnant women intended to exclusively breast-feed (EBF). Maternal positive attitudes, self-efficacy and knowledge about breast-feeding were positively associated with EBF intention (allP<0·05). All mothers except one reported initiating breast-feeding and 99·6 % of children were still breast-fed at 3 months. According to 24 h dietary recalls, we categorized 985 (45·2 %) infants as EBF at 3 months (47·8 % among mothers with EBF intention; 31·7 % among mothers with no EBF intention;P<0·05) and 551 (25·3 %) infants as predominantly breast-fed at 3 months (24·2 % among mothers with EBF intention; 30·8 % among mothers with no EBF intention;P<0·05). Prenatal EBF intention was associated with EBF (OR=1·48, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·91) and with full breast-feeding (OR=1·34, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·72) at age 3 months. EBF at age 3months was not associated with maternal breast-feeding knowledge, attitudes or self-efficacy.ConclusionsDespite widespread expressed maternal EBF intention and universal breast-feeding initiation, prevalence of both exclusive and full breast-feeding at 3months remains lower than WHO recommendations. EBF intention predicts breast-feeding behaviours, suggesting the importance of prenatal counselling to improve infant feeding behaviours.

scholarly journals Duration of exclusive breast-feeding: introduction of complementary feeding may be necessary before 6 months of age

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Breast Fed

The WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of life. At present, <2 % of mothers who breast-feed in the UK do so exclusively for 6 months. We propose the testable hypothesis that this is because many mothers do not provide sufficient breast milk to feed a 6-month-old baby adequately. We review recent evidence on energy requirements during infancy, and energy transfer from mother to baby, and consider the adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding to age 6 months for mothers and babies in the developed world. Evidence from our recent systematic review suggests that mean metabolisable energy intake in exclusively breast-fed infants at 6 months is 2·2–2·4 MJ/d (525–574 kcal/d), and mean energy requirement approximately 2·6–2·7 MJ/d (632–649 kcal/d), leading to a gap between the energy provided by milk and energy needs by 6 months for many babies. Our hypothesis is consistent with other evidence, and with evolutionary considerations, and we briefly review this other evidence. The hypothesis would be testable in a longitudinal study of infant energy balance using stable-isotope techniques, which are both practical and valid.

scholarly journals The Role of Decision-Making in Psychological Wellbeing and Risky Behaviours in Autistic Adolescents Without ADHD: Longitudinal Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Hosozawa ◽  
William Mandy ◽  
Noriko Cable ◽  
Eirini Flouri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Risky Behaviours ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Uk Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThis study examined the development of decision-making and its association with psychological wellbeing and risky behaviours in adolescents with and without autism. Participants included 270 autistic and 9,713 typically developing adolescents. In both samples, those with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were excluded. Data came from the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative population-based birth cohort. Decision-making was assessed using the Cambridge Gambling Task at ages 11 and 14. Psychological wellbeing (happiness, self-esteem, depressive symptoms and self-harm) and risky/antisocial behaviours were self-reported at age 14. After adjusting for sex, cognitive ability, spatial working memory, socioeconomic status and pubertal status, autistic adolescents showed comparable quality of decision-making to that of their peers at both ages but also a more deliberative decision-making style as they aged. Only in autistic adolescents was this decision-making style associated with positive outcomes.

scholarly journals The impact of maternal employment on breast-feeding duration in the UK Millennium Cohort Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 891-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Summer Sherburne Hawkins ◽  
Lucy Jane Griffiths ◽  
Carol Dezateux ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship of maternal employment characteristics, day care arrangements and the type of maternity leave pay to breast-feeding for at least 4 months.DesignCohort study.SettingBabies aged 9 months in the Millennium Cohort Study, born between September 2000 and January 2002.SubjectsA total of 6917 British/Irish white employed mothers with singleton babies.ResultsMothers employed part-time or self-employed were more likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months than those employed full-time (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 (1.17–1.44) and 1.74 (1.46–2.07), respectively). The longer a mother delayed her return to work postpartum, the more likely she was to breast-feed for at least 4 months (P for trend < 0.001). Mothers were less likely to breast-feed for at least 4 months if they returned to work for financial reasons (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.93) or used informal day care arrangements rather than care by themselves or their partner (aRR 0.81, 95% CI 0.71–0.91). Mothers were more likely to breastfeed for at least 4 months if their employer offered family-friendly (aRR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.27) or flexible work arrangements (aRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.00–1.55), or they received Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) plus additional pay during their maternity leave rather than SMP alone (aRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02–1.26). These findings were independent of confounding factors, such as socio-economic status and maternal education.ConclusionsCurrent policies may encourage mothers to enter or return to employment postpartum, but this may result in widening inequalities in breast-feeding and persistence of low rates. Policies should aim to increase financial support and incentives for employers to offer supportive work arrangements.

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