Detection of gingival crevicular fluid cytokines in children and adolescents with and without fixed orthodontic appliances

Background/Aim. Nowadays therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances is widely spread, having in mind positive effects it has in malocclusion treatments The side effect is increased gingivial inflammation in treated patients. The aims of this research are to estimate the inflammatory condition of gingiva in the first 6 months of orthodontic therapy on the basis of clinical parameters of sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration, and to investigate role of nitric oxide as predicting factor of gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients. Methods. In this study, 30 patients of the Dental Clinic treated with fixed orthodontic appliances (11 males and 19 females), aged 15-22 years, were examined. Clinical parameters were evaluated and gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were collected, before the beginning of orthodontics therapy, and then, three and six months after it. Results. The approximate values of clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration progressively increased. Low statistical significance of correlations among gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration and the measured clinical parameters were found. There is a statistically significant correlation between gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration. Conclusion. According to the obtained results, we can conclude that gingival crevicular fluid and saliva are reliable mediums for monitoring of the gingival inflammatory condition. More studies are needed to investigate a potential role of nitric oxide as predicting factor of gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients.

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Pengaruh konsumsi suplemen ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap inflamasi gingiva pada pasien ortodonti cekat (kajian jumlah leukosit cairan sulkus gingiva)

Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia ◽

10.22146/majkedgiind.11331 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 93

Author(s):

P. Prayitno ◽

Anggy Natya Listyaningrum

Keyword(s):

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

T Test ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Gingival Inflammation ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

Mangosteen Peel ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Leukocyte Counts ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Peel Extract

Effect of taking mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) supplement on gingival inflammation in fixed orthodontic patients (A study of leukocyte count of gingival crevicular fluid). Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances have a high risk of gingival inflammation. Gingival inflammation is characterized by an increase in leukocyte count of gingival crevicular fluid resulting in proinflammatory cytokines that are capable of damaging the gingival tissue. Mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L) contains xantone which has anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L) supplement on gingival inflammation in patients with fixed orthodontic by studying the leukocyte counts of gingival crevicularuid. Twenty patients with fixed orthodontic appliances were divided into two groups: 10 subjects in the control group and 10 subjects in the treatment group. They were selected based on the following criteria: age 18-24 years, suffering from mild to moderate gingivitis, and using fixed orthodontic appliances in the final phase. The subjects in both groups underwent initial therapy in the form of scaling, then the subjects in the treatment group took 2 capsules of mangosteen peel extract supplements three times a day for seven days. The sampling of gingival crevicular fluid of both groups was taken on day 0 and 8 in the lower anterior region, that is 3 samples of gingival crevicular fluid per subject. Leukocytes were seen from the results of staining with Turk’s reagents through microscope with a magnification of 400 times. The average leukocyte counts were analyzed using Pair T-test and Independent Sample T-test. The results showed that taking mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L) supplements has significant effect on the decrease in leukocyte counts of gingival crevicular fluids (p<0.05). The conclusion of this study is the consumption of mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L) supplement signicantly influences the reduction of gingival inflammation in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances, evident from the decline in the leukocyte counts of gingival crevicular fluids. ABSTRAKPasien pemakai ortodonti cekat memiliki resiko tinggi mengalami inflamasi gingiva. Inflamasi gingiva ditandai dengan meningkatnya jumlah leukosit cairan sulkus gingiva yang menghasilkan sitokin proinflamasi yang mampu merusak jaringan gingiva. Kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana L) mengandung xantone yang memiliki sifat antiinflamasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsumsi suplemen ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostanaL) terhadap inflamasi gingiva pada pasien ortodonti cekat dengan kajian jumlah leukosit pada cairan sulkus gingiva. Dua puluh pasien ortodonti cekat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, 10 subjek pada kelompok kontrol dan 10 subjek pada kelompok perlakuan yang diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria: usia 18-24 tahun, menderita gingivitis ringan hingga sedang, dan menggunakan alat ortodonti cekat pada fase akhir. Subjek pada kedua kelompok dilakukan initial therapy berupa scaling, kemudian subjek pada kelompok perlakuan mengkonsumsi suplemen ekstrak kulit manggis 2 kapsul 3 kali sehari selama 7 hari. Pengambilan sampel cairan sulkus gingiva kedua kelompok dilakukan pada hari ke-0 dan ke-8 pada regio anterior bawah sebanyak 3 sampel cairan sulkus gingiva tiap subjek. Leukosit dilihat dari hasil pewarnaan reagen Turk melalui mikroskop dengan perbesaran 400 kali. Hasil rerata jumlah leukosit dianalisis menggunakan uji Pair T-test dan uji Independent Sample T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mengkonsumsi suplemen ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana L) berpengaruh terhadap penurunan jumlah leukosit cairan sulkus gingiva secara signifikan (p < 0,05). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah konsumsi suplemen ekstrak kulit manggis (Garcinia mangostana L) berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap penurunan inflamasi gingiva pada pasien ortodonti cekat dilihat dari penurunan jumlah leukosit cairan sulkus gingivanya.

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Effect of a triclosan-containing dental gel on the levels of prostaglandin I2and interleukin-1βin gingival crevicular fluid from adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances

Acta Odontologica Scandinavica ◽

10.1080/00016350310003242 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 193-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kerstin Sköld-Larsson ◽

Tülay Yucel-Lindberg ◽

Svante Twetman ◽

Thomas Modéer

Keyword(s):

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Crevicular Fluid

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Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Disease Markers ◽

10.1155/2014/597892 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sevil Sema Atuğ Özcan ◽

İsmail Ceylan ◽

Erkan Özcan ◽

Nezahat Kurt ◽

İlhan Metin Dağsuyu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Physiological Limits ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Materials Used

Aim.The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the levels of interleukine-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in saliva and IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.Material and Method.The subject population consisted of 50 volunteers who were in need of orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. GCF and saliva samples were obtained from all individuals before treatment, at 1st month of treatment and at 6th month of treatment. Periodontal clinical parameters were measured. Samples were investigated to detect IL-1β, TNF-α, and 8-OHdG levels using ELISA method and NO and MDA levels using spectrophotometric method.Results.Since IL-1βlevel detected in GCF at the 6th month of orthodontic treatment is statistically significant according to baseline (P<0.05), all other biochemical parameters detected both in saliva and in GCF did not show any significant change at any measurement periods.Conclusion.Orthodontic tooth movement and orthodontic materials used in orthodontic treatment do not lead to a change above the physiological limits that is suggestive of oxidative damage in both GCF and saliva.

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ASSESSMENT OF LEPTIN CONCENTRATION IN GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID (GCF) DURING ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i11.712 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Dr. Samir Jain ◽

Dr. Abhishek Sinha ◽

Dr. Anurag Rai ◽

Dr. Sapna Jain

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Stress ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Keywords Leptin ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Crevicular Fluid

The numbers of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have increased spectacularly from past several decades. During orthodontic tooth movement the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress is an acute inflammatory reaction. Mechanical stress from orthodontic appliances is believed to induce cells in the periodontal ligament (PDL) to form biologically active substances, such as enzymes and cytokines, responsible for connective tissue remodeling. Biochemical analysis of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has provided a non-invasive model for investigating the cellular response of the underlying PDL during orthodontic tooth movement in vivo. In GCF, several substances such as interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, leptin, osteoprotegerin and alkaline phosphatase have been found to be significantly elevated in teeth under orthodontic forces compared with untreated control teeth. [14] Hence due to the above relevance the present study was planned for Assessment of Leptin Concentration in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) during Orthodontic Tooth Movement. The present study was planned in Department of Private Practioner, Swastik Dental Clinic and Orthodontic Centre Gaya. Total 10 cases of orthodontic of age 13 – 15 years were evaluated in the present study. For each subject, a maxillary cuspid undergoing distal orthodontic tooth movement was used as an experimental tooth, and the contralateral cuspids served as control tooth. Orthodontic brackets were placed on the canines. Experimental canines were moved in the distal direction through an archwire by use of an elastic chain exerting an initial force of 250 g. The amount of tooth movement for each tooth was measured with digimaticcalipers. At the distal aspect of experimental and control teeth, GCF was collected for subsequent analysis and the following examinations of the periodontium were conducted: Probing depth, presence or absence of plaque, and bleeding on probing. The collection and examinations were conducted immediately before activation and at 1 hr, 1 day, and 7days after the initiation of tooth movement. The data generated from the present study concludes that concentration of leptin in the GCF is decreased by orthodontic tooth movement. Leptin may be one of the mediators associated with orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement can be carried out without any significant destructive changes in investing tissues of the teeth provided oral hygiene is properly maintained. Keywords: Leptin Gingival crevicular fluid, GCF, orthodontic, etc.

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Biomarkers of Periodontal Tissue Remodeling during Orthodontic Tooth Movement inMice and Men: Overview and Clinical Relevance

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/105873 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Fabrizia d'Apuzzo ◽

Salvatore Cappabianca ◽

Domenico Ciavarella ◽

Angela Monsurrò ◽

Armando Silvestrini-Biavati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tooth Movement ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Simultaneous Treatment ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Orthodontic Movement ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Biologically active substances are expressed by cells within the periodontium in response to mechanical stimuli from orthodontic appliances. Several possible biomarkers representing biological modifications during specific phenomena as simile-inflammatory process, bone resorption and formation, periodontal ligament changes, and vascular and neural responses are proposed. Citations to potentially published trials were conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane databases, and scientific textbooks. Additionally, hand searching and contact with experts in the area were undertaken to identify potentially relevant published and unpublished studies. Selection criteria were as follows: animal models involving only mice and rats undergoing orthodontic treatment; collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a noninvasively procedure for humans; no other simultaneous treatment that could affect experimental orthodontic movement. The data suggest that knowledge of the remodeling process occurring in periodontal tissues during orthodontic and orthopedic therapies may be a clinical usefulness procedure leading to proper choice of mechanical stress to improve and to shorten the period of treatment, avoiding adverse consequences. The relevance for clinicians of evaluating the rate of some substances as valid biomarkers of periodontal effects during orthodontic movement, by means of two models of study,mice and men, is underlined.

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Neutrophil pseudoplatelets in subgingival plaque and crevicular fluid samples from periodontal diseased sites

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156298 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 862-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J Hanker ◽

E.J. Burkes ◽

G. Greco ◽

R. Scruggs ◽

B. Giammara

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Subgingival Plaque ◽

Staining Reaction ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Crevicular Fluid

The mature neutrophil with a segmented nucleus (usually having 3 or 4 lobes) is generally considered to be the end-stage cell of the neutrophil series. It is usually found as such in the bone marrow and peripheral blood where it normally is the most abundant leukocyte. Neutrophils, however, must frequently leave the peripheral blood and migrate into areas of infection to combat microorganisms. It is in such areas that neutrophils were first observed to fragment to form platelet-size particles some of which have a nuclear lobe. These neutrophil pseudoplatelets (NPP) can readily be distinguished from true platelets because they stain for neutrophil myeloperoxidase. True platelets are not positive in this staining reaction because their peroxidase Is inhibited by glutaraldehyde. Neutrophil pseudoplatelets, as well as neutrophils budding to form NPP, could frequently be observed in peripheral blood or bone marrow samples of leukemia patients. They are much more prominent, however, in smears of inflammatory exudates that contain gram-negative bacteria and in gingival crevicular fluid samples from periodontal disease sites. In some of these samples macrophages ingesting, or which contained, pseudoplatelets could be observed. The myeloperoxidase in the ingested pseudoplatelets was frequently active. Despite these earlier observations we did not expect to find many NPP in subgingival plaque smears from diseased sites. They were first seen by light microscopy (Figs. 1, 3-5) in smears on coverslips stained with the PATS reaction, a variation of the PAS reaction which deposits silver for light and electron microscopy. After drying replicate PATS-stained coverslips with hexamethyldisilazane, they were sputter coated with gold and then examined by the SEI and BEI modes of scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 2). Unstained replicate coverslips were fixed, and stained for the demonstration of myeloperoxidase in budding neutrophils and NPP. Neutrophils, activated macrophages and spirochetes as well as other gram-negative bacteria were also prominent in the PATS stained samples. In replicate subgingival plaque smears stained with our procedure for granulocyte peroxidases only neutrophils, budding neutrophils or NPP were readily observed (Fig. 6).

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