Plausible values and their use in efficiency analyses with educational data

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Juan Aparicio ◽  
Jose M. Cordero ◽  
Lidia Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
1982 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
N. Sugimoto

The boundary layer solutions previoulsy obtained in Part 2 of this series for the cases of the built-in edge and the free edge are evaluated numerically. For the built-in edge, a characteristic penetration depth of the boundary layer toward the interior region is given by 0.13 εh, εh being the normalized thickness of the plate, while for the free edge, it is given by 0.32 εh. Thus the boundary layer for the free edge penetrates more deeply toward the interior region than that for the built-in edge. The first-order stress distribution in each boundary layer is displayed. For the built-in edge, the stress singularity appears on the edge. It is shown that, in the boundary layer, the shearing and normal stresses become comparable with the bending stresses. Similarly for the free edge, the shearing stress also becomes comparable with the twisting stress. It should be remarked that, in the boundary layer, the shearing or the normal stress plays a primarily important role as the bending or the twisting stress. But the former decays toward the interior region and remains higher order than the latter. Finally owing to these numerical results, the coefficients involved in the “reduced” boundary conditions for the built-in edge are evaluated for the various plausible values of Poisson’s ratio.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Kruschke

This article explains a decision rule that uses Bayesian posterior distributions as the basis for accepting or rejecting null values of parameters. This decision rule focuses on the range of plausible values indicated by the highest density interval of the posterior distribution and the relation between this range and a region of practical equivalence (ROPE) around the null value. The article also discusses considerations for setting the limits of a ROPE and emphasizes that analogous considerations apply to setting the decision thresholds for p values and Bayes factors.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110242
Author(s):  
Chang-Yuan Lee ◽  
Carey K. Morewedge

We introduce a theoretical framework distinguishing between anchoring effects, anchoring bias, and judgmental noise: Anchoring effects require anchoring bias, but noise modulates their size. We tested this framework by manipulating stimulus magnitudes. As magnitudes increase, psychophysical noise due to scalar variability widens the perceived range of plausible values for the stimulus. This increased noise, in turn, increases the influence of anchoring bias on judgments. In 11 preregistered experiments ( N = 3,552 adults), anchoring effects increased with stimulus magnitude for point estimates of familiar and novel stimuli (e.g., reservation prices for hotels and donuts, counts in dot arrays). Comparisons of relevant and irrelevant anchors showed that noise itself did not produce anchoring effects. Noise amplified anchoring bias. Our findings identify a stimulus feature predicting the size and replicability of anchoring effects—stimulus magnitude. More broadly, we show how to use psychophysical noise to test relationships between bias and noise in judgment under uncertainty.


2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANÇOISE VIÉNOT ◽  
LUCILE SERREAULT ◽  
PEDRO PARDO FERNANDEZ

Shift in the wavelength of peak sensitivity of the cone photo pigments is a major cause of inter-individual variations in the Rayleigh match. Normal color observers performed multiple Rayleigh matches (i.e., a series of seven Rayleigh-type color matches using various sets of test and primary lights) in order to derive estimates of the M- and L-photo pigment wavelengths of maximum absorbance. We predicted the ratio of incident radiances Pr/Pg for a range of plausible values in terms of wavelength of the peak sensitivity of the M-cone and L-cone. An algorithm allowed us to adjust the values of the peak wavelength of the cone photo pigments in order to minimize the sum of squared differences between predicted and real results of matches. To create candidate M-cone and L-cone photo pigments that best predict the set of equation values, we used the low density spectral absorbance curves of the M-cone and L-cone photo pigments respectively, as tabulated by Stockman and Sharpe (2000), and shifted each template along a logarithmic wavelength scale. For all observers, the system of seven Rayleigh-like equations converges to a unique solution. M- and L-cone photo pigments are estimated separately. The distribution of the wavelength of maximum sensitivity of the photo pigments includes a cluster. Only a few women's results lie outside the cluster. The choice of the template has a considerable influence on the convergence of the algorithm.


Author(s):  
Michael K. Wohlgenant

The scope and value of the equilibrium displacement models (EDM) methodology in consumer demand and welfare analysis is extensive. This article reviews the basic elements of the model. It discusses different applications of the models in the literature that show the utility of the approach. The major forms of the EDM and implications for consumer demand and welfare are highlighted. An important question when using the EDM to generate results for changes in prices, quantities, and surplus values is how sensitive are the results to alternative plausible values of the partial elasticities of the demand/supply equations. It then turns at last to issues related to statistical precision and approximation errors. It concludes with the discussion of modifications and extensions that are likely to be made.


2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Lacarbonara ◽  
Achille Paolone ◽  
Fabrizio Vestroni

A mechanical model describing finite motions of nonshallow cables around the initial catenary configurations is proposed. An exact kinematic formulation accounting for finite displacements is adopted, whereas the material is assumed to be linearly elastic. The nondimensional mechanical parameters governing the motions of nonshallow cables are obtained via a suitable nondimensionalization, and the regions of their physically plausible values are portrayed. The spectral properties of linear unforced undamped vibrations around the initial static configurations are investigated via a Galerkin-Ritz discretization. A classification of the modes is obtained on the basis of their associated energy content, leading to geometric modes, elastostatic modes (with prevalent transverse motions and appreciable stretching), and elastodynamic modes (with prevalent longitudinal motion). Moreover, an extension of Irvine’s model to moderately nonshallow cables is proposed to determine the frequencies and mode shapes in closed form.


1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Charlesworth ◽  
Deborah Charlesworth

SUMMARYThis paper examines the suggestion of Gale & Mackay (1979) that dominance modification will be slower in an environment with fluctuating selection coefficients than in a constant environment. The case of statistical independence between successive environments is studied. It is shown that there is an effect in the suggested direction, but that it is quantitatively slight with biologically plausible values for the parameters involved. It therefore seems unlikely that the phenomena noted by Charlesworth (1979) can be explained in these terms.


1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Beaton ◽  
Eugene G. Johnson

The average response method (ARM) of scaling nonbinary data was developed to scale the data from the assessments of writing conducted by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The ARM applies linear models and multiple imputations technologies to characterize the predictive distribution of the person-level average of ratings over a pool of exercises when each person has responded to only a few of the exercises. The derivations of “plausible values” from the individual-level distributions of potential scale scores are given. Conditions are provided for the unbiasedness of estimates based on the plausible values, and the potential magnitude of the bias when the conditions are not met is indicated. Also discussed is how the plausible values allow for an accounting of the uncertainties due to the sampling of individuals and to the incomplete information on each sampled individual. The technique is illustrated using data from the assessment of writing.


2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Neves Sequeira

There is a family of models with physical and human capital and R&D for which convergence properties have been discussed [Lutz G. Arnold, European Economic Review 44, 1599–1605 (2000); Manuel Gómez, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 9(1), Article 5 (2005)]. However, spillovers in R&D have been ignored in this context. We introduce spillovers in this model and derive the steady-state and stability properties. This new feature implies that the model is characterized by a system of four differential equations. A unique balanced growth path, along with a two-dimensional stable manifold, is obtained under simple and reasonable conditions. Transition is oscillatory toward the steady state for plausible values of parameters. We discovered that these features are due to the presence of the R&D spillovers externality in the decentralized equilibrium.


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