scholarly journals Personhood Status of the Human Zygote, Embryo, Fetus

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Janez Miklavcic ◽  
Paul Flaman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Developmental Milestones ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Health Care Legislation ◽  
The Moment

The fields of biology, medicine, and embryology have described the developmental milestones of humans throughout gestation in great detail. It is less clear as to when humans are recognized as people, persons, or beings with rights that are protected by legislation. The practice of law is irrevocably intertwined with that of ethical conduct; and the time at which a human life is considered a person has implications that extend to health care, legislation on abortion, and autonomy of individuals. This article reviews the economical position that fertilization is the moment that personhood of the conceptus begins. Alternate positions proposing that personhood begins at other possible times after fertilization are presented and contrasted to the economical hypothesis. Summary This article is an original work critically analyzing the various arguments for human personhood at fertilization and thereafter. The various positions on human personhood are compared and contrasted herein. The time of the human lifespan at which personhood is conferred has important implications for health care, legislation, and personal autonomy.

scholarly journals THE RIGHT TO MOTHERHOOD AND PATERNITY AS PERSONAL NON-PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE SPOUSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
S. Chernik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

The article reveals the essence of one of the main personal non-property laws of spouses, enshrined in family law – the law to motherhood and fatherhood. It is noted that there is no definition of «motherhood» and «fatherhood» in the legislation. The definitions of the concepts «law to motherhood» and «law to fatherhood» proposed in the scientific legal literature are studied and generalized. The exercise of the law to motherhood and fatherhood is linked to the reproductive function of women and men, and it is important that they fulfill the social functions that arise in connection with the birth of a child. The constituent elements of the law to motherhood are considered. A woman has the law to pregnancy and health care during pregnancy and childbirth, the provision of qualified medical care in accredited health care facilities, partner childbirth. It has been found that the most controversial issue is a woman’s law to refuse to have a child, which includes a woman’s voluntary refusal to have children or abortion. The abortion procedure in Ukraine is regulated by law. However, the problem of determining the legal status of the embryo is quite complex and needs to be studied. The approaches to determining the moment of the beginning of protection of human life offered in legal science, namely: absolutist, liberal and gradualistic (moderate) are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the moral aspect of the problem of abortion. It is noted that a woman decides on the issue of abortion on her own, while such a law is not assigned to a man. It is stated that the law to paternity is closely related to the law to maternity and consists of three powers: the husband decides whether or not to have a child, may demand not to prevent him from exercising such a law and to defend parental laws in court.

scholarly journals Życie niegodne życia? Krótka historia eutanazji

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 325-337
Author(s):  
Marian Machinek
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Excruciating Pain ◽  
Care System

A historical analysis of a certain idea is not only attempt to reconstruct past events as accurately as possible, but it also aims at better understanding of current intellectual trends. The idea of euthanasia is the best example here. Old justifications to allow to kill on request appear in today’s discussions almost literally. First of all it is compassion for the ill and suffering and necessity to alleviate their excruciating pain. This argument seems to be so clear and evident that the supporters of euthanasia quote it in the first place. Suggestive propaganda, particularly in films and documentaries, which show the demand for euthanasia as a sign of despair or even courage, is to break the instinctive resistance of the society. But when euthanasia is legalized (or acknowledged as not a punishable act), personal autonomy arguments are promoted. The pseudo-right to terminate one’s own life is popularized. This right encapsulates not only suicidal death by the ill person himself, but also patients’ demands for the possibility to be legally killed by doctors within the health care system. Stressing the issue of costs and eugenic aspects only reinforces the impression of a rational and human-friendly decision. The fact that this expanding pro-euthanasia mentality threatens the foundations of our civilization is marginalized and omitted. This mentality recognizes human life as valuable and worthy living only under certain conditions, namely when it has a good quality.

scholarly journals Maintaining fair and efficient health care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Theoretical context and practical implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalampos Milionis ◽  
Maria Ntzigani ◽  
Stella Olga Milioni ◽  
Ioannis Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Community Health Systems ◽  
Health Care Efficiency ◽  
Universal Health ◽  
Practical Implications

Coronavirus disease 2019 is a respiratory infection that has evolved to a pandemic with an enormous burden both on human life and health care. States throughout the world have pursued strategies to restrict the transmission of the virus in the community. Health systems have a crucial dual role as they are at the frontline of the fight against the pathogen and at the same time they must continue to offer emergency and routine health services. The provision of health care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic finds certain barriers. The simultaneous protection of both universal health coverage and health care efficiency is a difficult task due to conflicting challenges of these two goals. Key actions need to be decided and implemented in the fields of health policy, operation of health services, and clinical interaction between health personnel and patients, so that health care continues to perform its mission in a sustainable manner. As the scientific community prepares for the widespread production and application of effective protective and therapeutic agents against COVID-19, it is vital for the general population to remain safe and for the health systems to survive. Allocation of resources and priority setting need to be applied fairly and efficiently for the achievement of the maximum benefit.

Virtual learning solutions in COVID-19 era: University Italian Ophthalmology department perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212110155
Author(s):  
Carla Enrica Gallenga ◽  
Luca Agnifili ◽  
Rossella D’Aloisio ◽  
Lorenza Brescia ◽  
Lisa Toto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Virtual Learning ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Surgical Simulator ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Academic Activities ◽  
Virtual Platform ◽  
Initial Results

Introduction: Few months after the COVID-19 pandemic burst, many aspects of the human life, including education, dramatically changed. Because of the lockdown measures taken to limit the virus spread in Italy, in-person teaching and learning have been interrupted in all health care disciplines and readapted in virtual formulae. Methods: As academic ophthalmology departments, we had to maintain the educational needs of medical and orthoptic students, internships, surgical training of residents, as well as to cover the scientific update of health care personnel (HCPs), and the continuation of research and academic activities. To assure these needs we ideated an educational strategy and a team, which was then translated on a multichannel virtual platform created with Microsoft Teams. Results: In this platform there were 21 channels organized in a public view mode, open to all Team members, or in private view mode to separate non-permanent HCPs, internships, residents, and students’ tasks, from permanent HCPs tasks. Virtual channels were dedicated to provide theoretical lessons, clinical cases, surgical video, internal meetings and webinar, to offer news from scientific societies, requests of appointments from biomedical companies, links with ophthalmological websites, to move forward research projects, to participate at institutional academic duties, and to obtain feedbacks from users. Residents continued their training on surgery using a surgical simulator, after consulting an agenda uploaded into the dedicated virtual channel. Conclusion: These positive initial results should represent a boost to rapidly proceed with the development of even more versatile virtual learning solutions, given that the forecasts for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic are not encouraging.

Práticas humanizadoras na Atenção Básica: uma revisão sistemática qualitativa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Ieda Carla Almeida dos Santos de Souza Pastana ◽  
Erika Cardozo Pereira Cardozo Pereira ◽  
Janaina Cristina Santos Lima Cristina Santos Lima ◽  
Mariana Cabral Schveitzer
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Personnel ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Attitude Of Health Personnel ◽  
Holistic Care ◽  
Patient Centred Care ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Care Health

Objetivos: identificar práticas de humanização na Atenção Básica. Método: revisão sistemática, partindo das seguintes fontes de in-formação: PubMed, CINAHL, Scielo, utilizando-se a palavra-chave primary health care, associada separadamente às seguintes pa-lavras-chave: humanization of assistance (humanização), holistic care/health (cuidado/saúde holístico), patient centred care, user embracement (acolhimento), personal autonomy, holism, attitude of health personnel (atitude dos profissionais). Método: Revisão sistemática qualitativa. Resultados: Foram incluídos 17 estudos identificados entre 2012 e 2018. Os dados foram sistematizados em sete categorias: (a) Oferta de práticas humanizadoras, (b) Difi-cultadores das práticas humanizadoras, (c) Facilitadores das prá-ticas humanizadoras, (d) Necessidade de capacitação sobre as práticas humanizadoras, (e) Vínculo profissional-usuário, (f) Efei-to positivo das práticas humanizadoras no trabalho em equipe e (g) Atitudes e crenças que refletem as práticas humanizadoras. Considerações Finais: As práticas humanizadoras continuam a ser desenvolvidas na Atenção Básica e seus efeitos positivos são re-conhecidos pelos profissionais de saúde. Por isso, investimentos no desenvolvimento dessas práticas e também em pesquisas de-vem continuar, incluindo também as percepções de usuários e dos órgãos gestores.  

Protecting Patient Goals in Palliative Care and Hospice

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Marie T. Hilliard ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Personalized Care ◽  
Patient Goals

Palliative care and hospice, while distinct programs, are quite often given to the same individuals. The complexities of achieving goal-oriented care often lead to utilitarian ethics in health care, particularly as societal respect for human life and dignity weakens. This article examines these complexities with a particular emphasis on ensuring personalized care from physicians who know the goals of the patient.

scholarly journals QUALIFICATION OF CRIMES AGAINST LIFE: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Olha Peresada ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Criminal Protection ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

The article considers topical issues of definition and qualification of crimes against human life in Ukraine and abroad. It is proved that the problematic issue of criminal law protection of human life is a significant differentiation of approaches to determining the moment of its onset, which reflects the medical and social criteria for the formation of an individual who has the right to life. It is shown that Ukrainian criminal law gives a person the right to life from birth, while the correct approach is to recognize the beginning of human life and appropriate criminal protection from the moment of onset 10 days after conception, which is consistent with European experience (in particular, France) and sufficiently reflects the medical features of the period of formation of a full-fledged embryo. The article also addresses the issue of the fact that Section II of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine combines encroachment on two different generic objects - public relations for the protection of life and public relations for the protection of personal health. This provision of the criminal law of Ukraine does not correspond to the international practice on this issue. In addition, it is reasonable to believe that the two relevant categories of the object of criminal encroachment cannot be considered similar, as such an approach in certain cases can significantly complicate the classification of a criminal offense. It is emphasized that, given the exceptional importance of criminal law protection of human life, it is necessary to formulate a separate section of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which covers only crimes against life as the main object of criminal encroachment.

scholarly journals An Awakening Alarm for Dental Professionals in Pandemic of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1098-1101
Author(s):  
Aditi Vinay Chandak ◽  
Surekha Dubey Godbole ◽  
Tanvi Rajesh Balwani ◽  
Tanuj Sunil Patil
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
New York ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Human Life ◽  
New York Times ◽  
World Health ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Ecosystem, which consists of the physical environment and all the living organisms, on which we all depend, is declining rapidly because of its destruction caused by humans. It’s a two-way relationship between the humans and mother nature. If we destroy the natural environment around us, human life will be seriously affected, and the life of next generation will be endangered unless serious steps are taken. One such effect of human overexploitations has come in the form of coronavirus outbreak. Coronavirus, a contagious disease of 2019 known as Covid-19, is the latest swiftly spreading global infection. The aetiology of Covid-19 is different from SARS-CoV which has the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but it has the same host receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The novel coronavirus which is zoonotic (spreading from an animal to a human) and mainly found in the bats and pangolins is a single stranded ribonucleic acid virus of Coronaviridae family. 1 The typical structure of 2019-nCoV possessed ‘spike protein’ in the membrane envelope, also expressed various polyproteins, nucleoproteins and membrane protein. The S protein binds to the receptor cell of host to facilitate the entry of virus in the host. Currently four genera for coronavirus are found α-CoV, ßCoV, γ-CoV, δ-CoV. SARS-CoV first originated in Wuhan, China and has spread across the globe. World Health Organization (WHO) and public health emergency of international concern declared it as 2019 - 2020 pandemic disease.2 According to WHO report, (7th April 2020) update on this pandemic coronavirus disease, there have been more than 13,65,004 confirmed cases and 76,507 deaths across the world and these figures are rapidly increasing. Therefore, actions for proper recognition, management and its prevention must be prompted for relevant alleviation of its outspread.3 Health care professionals are mainly indulged in the national crises and are working diligently around-the-clock, small ratio of the health care workers have become affected and few died tragically. Dentists are most often the first ones to be affected because they work with patients in close proximity. On 15th March 2020, the New York Times published an article titled “The workers who face the greatest Coronavirus risk” described the dentists are highly exposed, than the paramedical staffs and general physicians, to the risk of novel coronavirus disease 19.4

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