Distribution, Rate of Extraction, and Complexing Action of ThenoyItrifluoroacetone in the Synergistic System Kerosine/ThenoyItrifluoroacetone/Tributylphosphate/Dilute HNO3

The results of studies of the structure and composition of compositions based on red-burning kaolinite clay and calcium carbonate, heat-treated at 500oC, in the process of acid activation are presented. It is shown that when a 12 % solution of H2SO4is applied, leaching of iron and aluminum ions and the formation of calcium sulfate occur while maintaining the structure of kaolinite. The introduction of liquid glass into the composition of the material leads to the destruction of the structure of kaolinite, which contributes to an increase in the rate of extraction of aluminum ions during the subsequent acid activation. The components of the compositions with Ca2+and Fe3+in the presence of liquid glass are passivated by active amorphous silica formed during the reaction of liquid glass with CO2air.Ill. 2. Ref. 17. Tab. 1.

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HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss59-005 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 27-31

Author(s):

D. W. L. Read

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Laboratory Experiment ◽

Horizontal Movement ◽

Radial System ◽

Water Tension ◽

Rate Of Extraction

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the rate of extraction and the distance water will move in a horizontal radial system. An absorber was placed in the centre of a layer of soil 5 cm. deep. Extractions were made from three soils, loam, sand, and clay, which were at soil moisture tensions of zero to 450 cm. of water tension. Over this moisture range water moved to the absorber from at least 14 cm. away. No appreciable soil moisture tension gradients developed in the soil, even though there was a difference between the tension in the absorber and that in the cup.

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Influence of acute hyponatremia on renal ammoniagenesis in dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.2.f328 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 258 (2) ◽

pp. F328-F332

Author(s):

M. L. Halperin ◽

B. C. Ching

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Chronic Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽

Ammonium Production ◽

Significant Change ◽

Acute Hyponatremia ◽

Rate Of Extraction

The purpose of this study was to determine how acute hyponatremia might augment the excretion of ammonium in dogs with chronic metabolic acidosis. The excretion of ammonium was higher during hyponatremia because the proportion of ammonium produced that was excreted in the urine increased from 66% in controls to 77%. Effects on the production of ammonium are more complex. The rate of renal ammoniagenesis was not increased during hyponatremia in absolute terms nor when expressed per millimole of oxygen consumption. In contrast, this rate was somewhat higher during hyponatremia if expressed per millimole of sodium reabsorbed (9.8 vs. 10.3 mumol). The rate of oxygen consumption by the kidney did not fall, as anticipated, during hyponatremia; when this rate was expressed per millimole of sodium reabsorbed it rose from 46 to 55 mumol. There was no significant change in the rate of extraction of glutamine by the kidney, but there was a significant decrease in the rate of release of alanine during hyponatremia. Hence there appears to be more oxidation (yielding more ammonium) and less transamination of glutamine. We conclude that the renal events which led to a higher rate of excretion of ammonium during hyponatremia were a larger than expected rate of ammonium production owing to a greater rate of oxygen consumption together with lesser rate of transamination of the glutamine extracted by the kidney. In addition, more of the ammonium produced was transferred to the urine.

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Measurement of Inorganic Contaminant Extraction from Fluid Handling Components By Dynamic Extraction

Journal of the IEST ◽

10.17764/jiet.2.39.2.37v188215vww31lx ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Donald Grant ◽

Travis Lemke ◽

Greg Duepner ◽

Donna Wilkes ◽

Norm Powell

Keyword(s):

Inorganic Contaminants ◽

Metal Analysis ◽

Membrane Filters ◽

Fluid Handling ◽

Different Types ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

Dynamic Extraction ◽

Multiple Samples ◽

Rate Of Extraction ◽

Filter Cartridge

This paper addresses extraction of inorganic contamination from fluid handling components into semiconductor process chemicals. It presents a method of dynamic extraction that measures the rate at which inorganic contaminants are extracted from components as a function of time. The method overcomes many of the shortcomings of conventional techniques. It allows prediction of the amount of contamination added to chemical in a process tool with time. Examples of its use to measure extraction from all-Teflon 0.05-μm microporous membrane filters in 49 percent HF are included. Extraction from five different types of filters was measured. Each filter was tested for 2 to 8 weeks with multiple samples taken during the course of the extraction for metal analysis. Filters of the same type had similar extraction rates and similar contaminant "fingerprints." There were large differences between filter types. The use of an inappropriate O-ring on a filter cartridge was identified. The decrease in the rate of extraction from the filters was similar to theoretical predictions.

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Odour, covering and ventilation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2009.109 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 59 (7) ◽

pp. 1377-1384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. Sivil ◽

J. A. Hobson

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Extraction Rate ◽

Critical Flow ◽

Residence Times ◽

Minimum Rate ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Odour Concentration ◽

Rate Of Extraction ◽

Concentration Limits

A technique is described based on the decay in concentration of added SF6 to measure L0, the rate of leakage from an enclosure with no extraction of air. It is believed this measurement is much more precise than measurements of E0, the minimum rate of extraction which just prevents leakage. Three out of four enclosures studied had L0 values equating to residence times of air that were well under one hour. Relationships were developed between extraction rate and concentration and emission rate for enclosed odour sources based on mass transfer from water to air. These could be used to assess the benefits of minimising extraction rates while remaining within concentration limits set on the grounds of corrosion or toxicity. From these relationships a critical flow can be identified, termed Q50, at which both the emission rate and concentration of a particular species are at 50% of their maximum value. In any particular system, Q50 for one species, such as H2S, will in general not be the same as for another species, nor for odour concentration. As a consequence the benefit of reducing extraction rates based on H2S may not appear as good as it would based on an assessment of odour concentration. A second consequence is that as the rate of air extraction is varied, the ratio between two species or between H2S and odour concentration, is likely to vary.

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Forecasting the Time Evolution of the Oil Price During Months of Negative Inflation Rate

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4007912 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 135 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fabio Gori

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Mass Flow Rate ◽

Time Evolution ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Inflation Rate ◽

The Interest Rate ◽

Evolution With Time ◽

Rate Of Extraction ◽

Initial Price

Mass conservation equation is employed to study the time evolution of the mass of oil in a reservoir, according to the actual mass flow rate of extraction. It is also possible to define the critical mass flow rate of extraction, which is the value exhausting the reservoir in an infinite time. The evolution with time of the price of the resources extracted and sold to the market is investigated in case of no-accumulation and no-depletion of the resources, i.e., when the resources are extracted and sold to the market at the same mass flow rate. The total energy conservation equation is transformed into a money or capital per time conservation equation, which allows to study the price evolution with time, which is dependent on the following parameters. The price evolution with time of the extracted resource is dependent on the parameter PIFE, “Price-Increase Factor of Extracted resource,” which is the difference between the basic interest rate of the capital, e.g., the inflation rate, and the mass flow rate of extraction. The price evolution with time of the sold resource is dependent on the parameter PIFS, “Price-Increase Factor of Sold resource,” which is the difference between the interest rate of the capital, e.g., discount or prime rate, and the mass flow rate of extraction. The parameter CIPS, “Critical Initial Price of Sold resource,” depends on the initial price of the extracted resource, on the interest rate of nonextracted resource, and on the difference between PIFS and PIFE. The parameter CIPES, “Critical Initial Price Extreme of Sold resource,” depends on the initial price of the extracted resource, on the interest rate of nonextracted resource, and PIFS. The time evolution of the oil price during the 8 months of 2009, when the inflation rate was negative, and following the economic crisis of 2008, is investigated introducing a new category of cases, i.e., the negative inflation rate one. The paper presents and discusses the results of the forecasting for different values of the interest rate of the capital, i.e., prime and discount rate, with the conclusion that the present theory can forecast the evolution of the oil price with a reasonable confidence using the prime and the discount rates as extreme limits.

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A laboratory apparatus for determining the rate of extraction of oil from oil-bearing materials

Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society ◽

10.1007/bf02631507 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 56-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. P. Clark ◽

A. Cecil Wamble

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Apparatus ◽

Bearing Materials ◽

Rate Of Extraction

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Investigation of the Effect of Particle Size on Groundnut-Oil Solvent Extraction

Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology ◽

10.52339/tjet.v31i2.425 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

S.V. Manyele ◽

I.F. Kahemel

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Solvent Extraction ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Total Volatile ◽

Groundnut Oil ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Effect Of Particle Size ◽

Rate Of Extraction

An investigation of the effect of particle size on the performance of vegetable oil recovery by solvent extraction is reported. Experiments were conducted using soxhlet extractor, groundnuts and n-hexane. Samples were grouped into mean particle sizes of 0.25, 0.75, 1.3, 3.3, and 7.5 mm using standard sieves. The effect of particle size was studied for extraction time intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 hours. The oil yield, oil recovered per kg solvent used, kg solvent lost per unit time, and the rate of extraction (kg oil recovered per hour) decreased with increasing particle size. Meanwhile, the percent of solvent recovered, the ratio of oilrecovered to the total volatile matter driven off and the kg solvent lost per kg oil recovered, increased with increasing particle size. Based on the normalization of averaged extraction-parameters, a mean particle size of 3.3 mm was observed to be the optimum size.

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