HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
D. W. L. Read
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Radial System ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
Rate Of Extraction

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the rate of extraction and the distance water will move in a horizontal radial system. An absorber was placed in the centre of a layer of soil 5 cm. deep. Extractions were made from three soils, loam, sand, and clay, which were at soil moisture tensions of zero to 450 cm. of water tension. Over this moisture range water moved to the absorber from at least 14 cm. away. No appreciable soil moisture tension gradients developed in the soil, even though there was a difference between the tension in the absorber and that in the cup.

scholarly journals Rooting Depth, Growth and Yield of Sorghum as Affected by Soil Water Availability in an Ultisol and an Oxisol

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 329-335
Author(s):  
A. Wahab ◽  
H. Talleyrand ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Available Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Tension

Grain and stover yields of RS 671 grain sorghum were measured at Barranquitas in an Oxisol and at Corozal in an Ultisol. Measurements were made of weather factors, soil moisture content and tension, plant growth, water deficits and rooting depths. At each site a plot was irrigated as often as necessary to maintain a soil water tension of less than 1 bar. Nonirrigated plots at Corozal were watered whenever necessary to prevent plants from wilting permanently. During a prolonged drought and at grain filling, sorghum extracted water in the Oxisol to a depth of 120 cm. Plants became water stressed after the soil water tension at a depth of 90 cm reached 15 bars. In the Ultisol, sorghum plants were unable to effectively extract available soil moisture at depths below 45 cm. Both plant growth and grain yield were greater in the Oxisol than in the Ultisol. The relative soil compaction of the Ultisol was greater than that of the Oxisol.

Soil Type, Soil Moisture, and Field Slope Influence the Horizontal Movement of Salmonella enterica and Citrobacter freundii from Floodwater through Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARY THERESA CALLAHAN ◽  
SHIRLEY A. MICALLEF ◽  
ROBERT L. BUCHANAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Horizontal Movement ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Salmonella Newport ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Rate Of Decline

ABSTRACT Pathogens in soil are readily mobilized by infiltrating water to travel downward through the soil. However, limited data are available on the horizontal movement of pathogens across a field. This study used a model system to evaluate the influence of soil type, initial soil moisture content, and field slope on the movement of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport across a horizontal plane of soil under flooding conditions. Three soil types of varying clay content were moistened to 40, 60, or 80% of their maximum water-holding capacities and flooded with water containing 6 log CFU/ml Salmonella Newport and Citrobacter freundii, the latter being evaluated as a potential surrogate for S. enterica in future field trials. A two-phase linear regression was used to analyze the microbial populations recovered from soil with increasing distance from the flood. This model reflected the presence of lag distances followed by a quantifiable linear decrease in the population of bacteria as a function of the distance from the site of flooding. The magnitude of the lag distance was significantly affected by the soil type, but this was not attributable to the soil clay content. The rate of the linear decline with distance from the flood zone was affected by soil type, initial soil moisture content, and soil incline. As the initial soil moisture content increased, the rate of decline in recovery decreased, indicating greater bacterial transport through soils. When flooding was simulated at the bottom of the soil incline, the rate of decline in recovery was much greater than when flooding was simulated at the top of the incline. There was no significant difference in recovery between Salmonella Newport and C. freundii, indicating that C. freundii may be a suitable surrogate for Salmonella Newport in future field studies.

The effects of phosphate and soil moisture on the nodulation and growth of Phaseolus vulgaris

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bonetti ◽  
Maria Nazareth S. Montanheiro ◽  
Siu M. T. Saito
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
P Accumulation ◽  
P Utilization ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
P Addition

SummaryAn examination of the effects of adding phosphorus to the soil on nodulation and P utilization in Phaseolus vulgaris L. showed a positive response in plant weight to increasing rates of phosphorus (32P) when water tension was low in the pots.The efficiency of the utilization of fertilizer-P was directly influenced by the water content of the soil, showing increasing P accumulation after flowering.A highly positive interaction between P addition, water content and nodulation was observed. Nodules were shown to have a high P requirement, with phosphorus (32P) contributing to an increase in the number and size of nodules.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Soil Water Index of distributed Tank Model in a small basin with field data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Melo Vasconcellos ◽  
Masato Kobiyama ◽  
Aline de Almeida Mota
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Reliable Performance ◽  
Water Tension

Abstract. The objective of the present study was to determine the spatial behaviour of the Soil Water Index (SWI) by applying a distributed version of the Tank Model (D-Tank Model) to the Araponga river basin (5.26 ha) in southern Brazil and to verify its reliability through the comparison to soil moisture estimated with the measured water-tension values and the water retention curve. The study area has a monitoring system for rainfall, discharge (5-min interval), and soil-water tension (10-min interval). The simulation results showed that the D-Tank Model has a reliable performance. The correlation between SWI and HAND was reasonable (r = 0.6) meanwhile that between SWI and the Topographic Wetness Index was high (r = 0.88). The comparison between the spatially distributed values of the SWI and soil moisture confirmed the high potential of the SWI derived from the D-Tank Model to be applied for predictions related to hydrological and environmental sciences.

scholarly journals Water balance in soil covered by regenerating rainforest in the Paraíba Valley region, São Paulo, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Marcelo Dos Santos Targa ◽  
Emilson Pohl ◽  
Ana Aparecida da Silva Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Water Tension

The objective of this study was to evaluate the water balance in a Red-Yellow Latosol covered by a regenerating rainforest for 30 years in the Una River Basin between April 2016 and March 2017. Field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting-point values (PWP) used to calculate the available water capacity (AWC) in the soil were determined by the soil moisture characteristic curve obtained in pots, which made it possible to determine the soil residual water content (g / g) from the measurement of water tension in 15 Watermark (TM) sensors installed at depths of 40, 60 and 120 cm. Precipitation during the period (1962 mm) was obtained from the automatic weather station located 300 m from the experimental area. Soil surface runoff was obtained from 5 collectors distributed in the experimental area. Precipitation was characterized by a maximum of 454 mm in January 2017 and no rain in July 2016. The actual evapotranspiration was 744 mm. There were 56 runoff events (SR) totaling 60 mm. The average soil water tension remained below 37 kPa in 67% of the studied period, a condition that kept the soil moisture content high. The soil water balance of the tropical forest area, up to 120 cm deep, kept soil water content near its maximum capacity (173 mm) 49% of the time and saturated 51% of the time, so that it generated deep drainage beyond 120 cm deep and 1023 mm deep.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Soil Moisture Sensors in Coarse- and Fine-Textured Michigan Agricultural Soils

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Younsuk Dong ◽  
Steve Miller ◽  
Lyndon Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Mean Bias Error ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Correction Equations

Soil moisture content is a critical parameter in understanding the water movement in soil. A soil moisture sensor is a tool that has been widely used for many years to measure soil moisture levels for their ability to provide nondestructive continuous data from multiple depths. The calibration of the sensor is important in the accuracy of the measurement. The factory-based calibration of the soil moisture sensors is generally developed under limited laboratory conditions, which are not always appropriate for field conditions. Thus, calibration and field validation of the soil moisture sensors for specific soils are needed. The laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of factory-based calibrated soil moisture sensors. The performance of the soil moisture sensors was evaluated using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Index of Agreement (IA), and Mean Bias Error (MBE). The result shows that the performance of the factory-based calibrated CS616 and EC5 did not meet all the statistical criteria except the CS616 sensor for sand. The correction equations are developed using the laboratory experiment. The validation of correction equations was evaluated in agricultural farmlands. Overall, the correction equations for CS616 and EC5 improved the accuracy in field conditions.

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