Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 3.In vivoultrasonographic assessment of the cross-sectional area and echogenicity of the superficial digital flexor tendon

Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) tendinopathy is an important musculoskeletal problem in horses. The study objective was to validate an ultrasonographic scoring system for SDFT injuries. Ultrasonographic images from 14 Thoroughbred racehorses with SDFT lesions (seven core; seven diffuse) and two controls were blindly assessed by five clinicians on two occasions. Ultrasonographic parameters evaluated were: type and extent of the injury, location, echogenicity, cross-sectional area and longitudinal fibre pattern of the maximal injury zone (MIZ). Inter-rater variability and intra-rater reliability were assessed using Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (KC) and Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient (LC), respectively. Type of injury (core vs. diffuse) had perfect inter/intra-rater agreement. Cases with core lesions had very strong inter-rater agreement (KC ≥0.74, P<0.001) and intra-rater reliability (LC ≥0.73) for all parameters apart from echogenicity. Cases with diffuse lesions had strong inter-rater agreement (KC ≥0.62) for all parameters, but weak agreement for echogenicity (KC=0.22); intra-rater reliability was excellent for MIZ location and fibre pattern (LC ≥0.82), and moderate (LC ≥0.58) for cross-sectional area and number of zones affected. This scoring system was reliable and repeatable for all parameters, except for echogenicity. A validated scoring system will facilitate reliable recording of SDFT injuries and inter-study meta-analyses.

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Effect of the Cross-Sectional Area of Locking Loops in Flexor Tendon Repair

The Journal Of Hand Surgery ◽

10.1053/jhsu.1999.0751 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 751-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Hitoshi Hatanaka ◽

Paul R. Manske

Keyword(s):

Flexor Tendon ◽

Tendon Repair ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Flexor Tendon Repair ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Cross

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Morphologic and morphometric features of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-14-03-0050 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (05) ◽

pp. 366-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. M. Wright ◽

W. H. J. Barker

Keyword(s):

Flexor Tendon ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

T Test ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Plantar Surface ◽

Paired Student ◽

Morphometric Features ◽

Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon

SummaryIntroduction: Accurate description of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is lacking and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to undertake morphologic and morphometic evaluations of these structures to assist in elucidating their functional and pathogenic roles in displacement of the SDFT from the calcaneal tuber.Method: Dissections were performed on 10 normal cadaveric hindlimbs. The anatomy was photographed to allow measurements at repeatable locations and differences in SDFT dimensions at the various locations were compared using a paired student t-test.Results: This study demonstrated that the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT are independent from the overlying tarsal insertions of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus, which blend into the plantar surface of the fibrocartilaginous cap (FCC) of the SDFT before inserting dorsal to the insertion of the SDFT on the calcaneal tuber. The lateral insertion of the SDFT is larger in cross-sectional area (median: 219 mm2) at its origin from the FCC than its medial counterpart (median: 159 mm2, p = 0.004) and has a more complex fibre alignment. The lateral site of attachment of the SDFT on the calcaneal tuber is dorsolateral to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon and is larger (median: 525 mm2) than the medial insertion (median: 428 mm2, p = 0.036), which inserts distal to the insertion of the gastrocnemius tendon.Conclusion: The features identified in this study suggest that the calcaneal insertions of the SDFT are complex and their morphological and morphometric differences are likely to contribute to clinical lesions identified at this site.

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The thickness of the A2 pulley and the flexor tendon are related to the severity of trigger finger: results of a prospective study using high-resolution ultrasonography

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) ◽

10.1177/1753193415615076 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 204-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S.-J. Kim ◽

C.-H. Lee ◽

W.-S. Choi ◽

B.-G. Lee ◽

J.-H. Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flexor Tendon ◽

Proximal Part ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Trigger Finger ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

A2 Pulley ◽

The Cross ◽

High Resolution Ultrasonography ◽

A1 Pulley

We aimed to investigate the relationship between the pulley-tendon complexes and the severity of trigger finger. The thickness of the A1 and A2 pulleys, and the cross-sectional area of the flexor tendon under the pulleys, were prospectively assessed using 17 MHz high-resolution ultrasonography, in 20 patients with trigger finger (31 fingers). A control group comprised 15 asymptomatic fingers. The thickness of the A1 pulley and the proximal part of the A2 pulley, and the cross-sectional area of the flexor tendon under the A2 pulley, were significantly increased in the patient group. Clinical grade was significantly correlated with the thickness of the A1 pulley, the thickness of the proximal part of the A2 pulley, and the cross-sectional area of the flexor tendon under the proximal part of the A2 pulley. This study confirmed that the thickness of the A2 pulley and flexor tendon under the A2 pulley seems to be related to the severity of trigger finger. Level of evidences: Level III

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The cross-sectional area of the superficial digital flexor tendon of trained and untrained Thoroughbred racehorses

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/s0103-84782010000800018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (8) ◽

pp. 1786-1790 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ana Guiomar Matos Santiago Reis ◽

Raquel Yvonne Arantes Baccarin

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Carpal Bone ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽

Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Cross ◽

One Year ◽

The Right

Twenty Thoroughbred racehorses were ultrasonographically evaluated to determine the relation between normal values of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the right and left forelimbs superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFT) in the metacarpal region for trained and untrained Thoroughbreds racehorses. Ultrasonography revealed that CSA at 26cm distal to the accessory carpal bone is larger than other proximal levels, for either left or right forelimbs. In addition, the CSA at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14cm distal to the accessory carpal bone of the left forelimb are larger (P<0.05) for trained horses when compared with untrained horses. On the other hand, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between left and right forelimb for CSA of the SDFT, at any level, for either trained or untrained horses, and there was no significant difference between untrained or trained horses for the CSA of right forelimb. In conclusion, the CSA of the left forelimb SDFT for horses that had been in continuous race training remains larger when they were trained anticlockwise, contrary to horses that had not been training for more than one year.

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Atrophy patterns in isolated subscapularis lesions

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-04241-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gernot Seppel ◽

Andreas Voss ◽

Daniel J. H. Henderson ◽

Simone Waldt ◽

Bernhard Haller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Area Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Control Group ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Subscapularis Muscle ◽

Mri Scans ◽

The Mean ◽

The Cross

Abstract Background While supraspinatus atrophy can be described according to the system of Zanetti or Thomazeau there is still a lack of characterization of isolated subscapularis muscle atrophy. The aim of this study was to describe patterns of muscle atrophy following repair of isolated subscapularis (SSC) tendon. Methods Forty-nine control shoulder MRI scans, without rotator cuff pathology, atrophy or fatty infiltration, were prospectively evaluated and subscapularis diameters as well as cross sectional areas (complete and upper half) were assessed in a standardized oblique sagittal plane. Calculation of the ratio between the upper half of the cross sectional area (CSA) and the total CSA was performed. Eleven MRI scans of patients with subscapularis atrophy following isolated subscapularis tendon tears were analysed and cross sectional area ratio (upper half /total) determined. To guarantee reliable measurement of the CSA and its ratio, bony landmarks were also defined. All parameters were statistically compared for inter-rater reliability, reproducibility and capacity to quantify subscapularis atrophy. Results The mean age in the control group was 49.7 years (± 15.0). The mean cross sectional area (CSA) was 2367.0 mm2 (± 741.4) for the complete subscapularis muscle and 1048.2 mm2 (± 313.3) for the upper half, giving a mean ratio of 0.446 (± 0.046). In the subscapularis repair group the mean age was 56.7 years (± 9.3). With a mean cross sectional area of 1554.7 mm2 (± 419.9) for the complete and of 422.9 mm2 (± 173.6) for the upper half of the subscapularis muscle, giving a mean CSA ratio of 0.269 (± 0.065) which was seen to be significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Analysis of typical atrophy patterns of the subscapularis muscle demonstrates that the CSA ratio represents a reliable and reproducible assessment tool in quantifying subscapularis atrophy. We propose the classification of subscapularis atrophy as Stage I (mild atrophy) in case of reduction of the cross sectional area ratio < 0.4, Stage II (moderate atrophy) in case of < 0.35 and Stage III (severe atrophy) if < 0.3.

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The area of eye muscle of beef cattle carcasses

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9630249 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 3 (10) ◽

pp. 249

Author(s):

RM Seebeck

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eye Muscle ◽

Angus Cattle ◽

The Cross

Variations in the cross-sectional area of eye muscle of carcasses cut between the tenth and eleventh ribs were investigated, using 105 Hereford and 51 Angus steers aged 20 months. These cattle consisted of three groups, born in successive years. At constant carcass weight, statistically significant differences in eye muscle area were found between breeds and between years. Breed and year differences were also found in eye muscle area with width and depth of eye muscle constant, so that there are limitations to the estimation of eye muscle area from width and depth measurements. A nomograph is given for estimating eye muscle area from width and depth for Hereford and Angus cattle, when all animals are reared in the same year and environment. The use of eye muscle area as an indicator of weight of carcass muscle is discussed.

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Comparison of the Cross Sectional Area, the Loss in Volume and the Mechanical Properties of LAE442 and MgCa0.8 as Resorbable Magnesium Alloy Implants after 12 Months Implantation Duration

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.675 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 638-642 ◽

pp. 675-680 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Martina Thomann ◽

Nina von der Höh ◽

Dirk Bormann ◽

Dina Rittershaus ◽

C. Krause ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Degradation Process ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Bending Test ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Initial Strength ◽

Three Point Bending ◽

The Cross

Current research focuses on magnesium based alloys in the course of searching a resorbable osteosynthetic material which provides sufficient mechanical properties besides a good biocompatibility. Previous studies reported on a favorable biocompatibility of the alloys LAE442 and MgCa0.8. The present study compared the degradation process of cylindrical LAE442 and MgCa0.8 implants after 12 months implantation duration. Therefore, 10 extruded implants (2.5 x 25 mm, cross sectional area 4.9 mm²) of both alloys were implanted into the medullary cavity of both tibiae of rabbits for 12 months. After euthanization, the right bone-implant-compound was scanned in a µ-computed tomograph (µCT80, ScancoMedical) and nine uniformly distributed cross-sections of each implant were used to determine the residual implants´ cross sectional area (Software AxioVisionRelease 4.5, Zeiss). Left implants were taken out of the bone carefully. After weighing, a three-point bending test was carried out. LAE442 implants degraded obviously slower and more homogeneously than MgCa0.8. The mean residual cross sectional area of LAE442 implants was 4.7 ± 0.07 mm². MgCa0.8 showed an area of only 2.18 ± 1.03 mm². In contrast, the loss in volume of LAE442 pins was more obvious. They lost 64 % of their initial weight. The volume of MgCa0.8 reduced clearly to 54.4 % which corresponds to the cross sectional area results. Three point bending tests revealed that LAE442 showed a loss in strength of 71.2 % while MgCa0.8 lost 85.6 % of its initial strength. All results indicated that LAE442 implants degraded slowly, probably due to the formation of a very obvious degradation layer. Degradation of MgCa0.8 implants was far advanced.

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