Forces of Innovation and Inertia in the Late 19th Century French University System (with special reference to the academic institutionalisation of the social sciences)

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-97
Author(s):  
Victor Karady
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
University System ◽  
The Social

Frédéric Le Play and 19th-century vision machines

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Freemantle
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Linear Time ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Spectator ◽  
Historical Moment

An early proponent of the social sciences, Frédéric Le Play, was the occupant of senior positions within the French state in the mid- to late 19th century. He was writing at a time when science was ascending. There was for him no doubt that scientific observation, correctly applied, would allow him unmediated access to the truth. It is significant that Le Play was the organizer of a number of universal expositions because these expositions were used as vehicles to demonstrate the ascendant position of western civilization. The fabrication of linear time is a history of progress requiring a vision of history analogous to the view offered the spectator at a diorama. Le Play employed the design principles and spirit of the diorama in his formulations for the social sciences, and L’Exposition Universelle of 1867 used the technology wherever it could. Both the gaze of the spectators and the objects viewed are part and products of the same particular and unique historical formation. Ideas of perception cannot be separated out from the conditions that make them possible. Vision and its effects are inseparable from the observing subject who is both a product of a particular historical moment and the site of certain practices.

scholarly journals What is neoclassical economics? The three axioms responsible for its theoretical oeuvre, practical irrelevance and, thus, discursive power

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Arnsperger ◽  
Yanis Varoufakis
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Neoclassical Economic ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Discursive Power ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This paper offers a precise definition of neoclassical economics based on three axioms which lie at the latter's foundations. This definition is all inclusive in that it applies as much to the neoclassical economic models of the late 19th century as it does to today's more flexible and 'inclusive' models. The paper argues that these axioms, simultaneously, (a) provide the foundation for neoclassicism?s discursive success within the social sciences and (b) are the deep cause of its theoretical failure. Moreover, (a) and (b) reinforce one another as neoclassicism's discursive power (which is largely due to the hidden nature of its three foundational axioms) makes it even less likely that it will conduct an open, pluralist debate on its theoretical foundations (i.e. the three axioms which underpin it).

scholarly journals When Artists Became Intellectuals: Science as a Significant Other for the Female Artistic Persona

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Julia Dahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Significant Other ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Artistic Self ◽  
The Prestige

The increasing appreciation of science posed an interesting challenge to art in the late 19th Century. Modernisation, professionalisation, secularisation and technical novelties all seemed to question the social status of the artist. Arguing that one possible way for individual artists to meet this challenge was to incorporate elements of the scientific persona with their artistic self, this article focuses on the Swedish-speaking, Finnish artist and writer Helena Westermarck (1857–1938). While constructing an intellectual comradeship with her brother, the internationally well-known sociologist and anthropologist Edward Westermarck (1862–1939), Helena Westermarck often referred to the exceptional intellectual and analytical capacities of the artist. Arguing that the prestige of science could be used to lend credibility to the artistic persona, the article will discuss some of the ideas that led Westermarck to gradually fashion her public appearance as an artist into the persona of a public intellectual, writer and self-supporting (single) woman on equal terms with her brother.

From the “Nationals of the Superior Country” to the “Scumbags”: The Reversal of the Image of Chinese in Korea at the Late 19th Century (1896–1899)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-115
Author(s):  
En-Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
General Public ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Korean Nationalism

After the end of the First Sino-Japanese War, the social status of the Chinese in Korea changed dramatically, and so did their image. They were viewed as the nationals of the superior country beforehand, but were considered “unruly,” “uncivilized,” “barbaric,” and “unsanitary and dirty” thereafter. This research aims to explore how and why this reversal of image happened by focusing on the reportages of the Independent from 1896 to 1899. The Independent, or Tongnip Sinmun, was one of the modern newspapers influenced by the Western civilization. Published fully in Korean, the Independent was meant to enlighten the Korean multitudes by reporting the situation of the nation to the general public. From 1896 to 1899, the Chinese were put in a position of “nationals without treaty,” which led to the fall of their status in Korea due to lack of protection of their country. Their image was further damaged because of the rise of Korean nationalism, which was elaborated along with the modernization. By examining the Chinese in Korea at the end of 19th century and the change of their image, this research tries to illustrate an intensive case of “Othering,” (that is, the birth of the Overseas Chinese) for the reason that they were considered to be not only superior, but also “Us” in the Hua-Yi system（華夷體系）before the War, and foreigners because of the Korean nationalism.

Monsters: The Social-Unconscious Life of `Others' and a Note on the Origins of Group Therapy

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-300
Author(s):  
Martin Weegmann
Keyword(s):  
Group Theory ◽  
Group Therapy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Monster Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Unconscious

Monsters are curious cultural products, at once indicative of human fears but equally characteristic of how humans envisage and construct preferred identities at a group level. Drawing on contemporary social and `monster theory', the article argues that the study of `the monstrous' is a fertile one for group analysts. Significantly, the late 19th century origins of group theory were linked to fears about monstrous forces at work in society, whilst contemporary `human monsters' continue to preoccupy the imagination.

scholarly journals Civil Society: Overlapping Frames

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-68
Author(s):  
Bronwen Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Faculty Research ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University ◽  
Interdisciplinary Journal ◽  
Civil Societies

The social sciences are bedeviled by terminological promiscuity.  Terms and phrases are used at one time in a certain context and later borrowed and applied in different circumstances to somewhat different phenomena. Sometimes different groups of actors or researchers simultaneously use the same term with somewhat different meanings. Such is the use of the term civil society. In this 5th Anniversary of the Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, it is timely to trace the evolution of the idea of civil society to its multiple guises in the present. The paper reviews the term’s 18th and 19th century roots, its recent resurrection and the opposing views of civil society, including views that question its applicability to non-western settings. It then discusses prospects for developing agreed approaches to the study of civil society. To guide our thinking the paper presents a brief overview of different approaches to defining civil society taken by some of the major so-called centres for civil society in Australia and internationally. The paper concludes by reflecting on these definitional challenges as it has played out at one particular cross faculty research centre, the University of Technology, Sydney’s Cosmopolitan Civil Societies Research Centre.

scholarly journals Toys between the Ludic and the Pedagogical Perspective in Late 19th Century Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Cătălina Mihalache
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper proposes to identify what the 19th century brought as novelties in the “life” of toys, seen as items dedicated explicitly to children; I have focused, naturally, on the Romanian case. By correlating the accounts to which I had access, I was able to outline certain evolutions in the manufacture, use, purchase, and characteristics ascribed to toys in that period. I have noted, first of all, the social differentiation in terms of toy consumption. The lower classes – defined by their views of childhood, material resources and well-delimited systems of gratification/rewarding – used more or less the same games and toys. Wealthier classes recorded a more diversified consumption, with urban influences, while the children of the elites became increasingly familiar with the offers of the Western world, brought directly from the source or just copied here. Another highlighted aspect is the increase in standardisation and even the industrialisation of toy production.

scholarly journals „Meil oli Mihkel Mehka ja ta naise nimi Hipp“ – Hargla kihelkonna tunnuslikest eesnimedest

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-146
Author(s):  
Taavi Pae
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
General Change ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Great Northern War ◽  
Full Population

Siinses artiklis vaatlen Hargla kihelkonna isikunimistut, keskendudes piirkonna tunnusnimedele Mehka ja Hipp. Neist esimese järgi on tekkinud piirkonnanimi Mehkamaa ja ka etnonüüm mehkad piirkonna elanike tähistamiseks. Nimekasutuse uurimiseks koostasin Eesti Rahvusarhiivis säilitatavate Hargla kihelkonna kirikuraamatute põhjal eesnimekorpuse. Eelkõige analüüsin tunnusnimede ajalist ulatust lähtuvalt legendist, mille järgi Põhjasõja aegadel jäid piirkonda elama vaid Mehka ja Hipp ning Mõniste ümbruse rahvas pärineb suuresti sellest kooselust. Arhiiviallikad näitavad, et nimi Mehka ilmub kirikuraamatutesse alles 18. sajandi lõpus, kuid nimi võis olla varem kirikuraamatusse kirjutatud Mihklina. Eelmainitud legendi võib aga pidada kunstlikuks, mille levik on seotud eelkõige Mõniste muuseumiga, kus seda hakati tutvustama. Hargla kihelkonna üldine nimevaramu muutus aga käib kokku ühiskondlike muutustega 19. sajandi lõpukümnenditel ja sealt kadusid koos mitmete teiste toonaste tavaliste nimedega ka piirkonna tunnuseesnimed Mehka ja Hipp. Abstract. Taavi Pae: “We used Mehka instead Mihkel and his wife’s name was Hipp” – On the characteristic first names of Hargla parish. In this article, I analyse first names in the Hargla parish (Võru county in Southern Estonia), focusing on two historically typical first names for the region: Mehka and Hipp. The first of these has been used to identify the whole area (Mehkamaa) as well as an ethnonym (mehkad). The author compiled a firstname corpus based on the Hargla parish register kept in the Estonian National Archives. One motive for the analysis was to verify the folklore of only two people in the area – a Mehka and a Hipp – surviving the Great Northern War, with the full population of the area descending from this partnership. The archive materials indicate that Mehka appeared in the parish register only in the late 18th century. There are several references to the earlier use of that name, but in the parish record they were marked as Mihkel. Nonetheless, the ‘folklore’ can be considered artificial with its spread primarily related to the Mõniste Museum founded in 1957. The general change in the name system of Hargla parish coincided with the social changes in the late 19th century. The regional first names Mehka and Hipp disappeared and the names became longer and more German-like.

Memoirs of Kerim Bey Ratay: Unknown Turkmen History Source from the Late 19th Century to the First Third of the 20th Century

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.М. Исхаков
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Soviet Rule ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Social

Статья посвящена малоизвестной биографии Керим бея Ратая, представителя туркменского народа, и его трактовки истории борьбы туркмен за самоопределение в первой трети ХХ века. Публикуемая записка представляет собой источник, который отражает разные проблемы, связанные с туркменской историей, содержит его размышления о ситуации в Средней Азии, об историческом процессе в Северной Евразии, сведения, которые, которые потребуют дополнительного изучения. Из приведенных им рассуждений следует, что туркмены испытывали неприятие навязываемого им большевиками пути общественного развития, борясь за самостоятельность. На его взгляд, борьба туркмен в условиях советской власти вовсе не прекратилась, а закончится только тогда, когда ими будет завоевана независимость, когда ими будет воссоздано собственное государство, что и произошло с распадом СССР. This article presents a biography of Kerim Bey Ratay, a Turkmen, and his interpretation of the Turkmen struggle for self-determination in the first third of the 20th century. The source published here reflects various problems of Turkmen history, contains Kerim's thoughts on the situation in Central Asia, and gives insight on the historical processes in Northern Eurasia, providing information that requires further research. His take on the situation indicates that the Turkmen people did not like the social development choices being forced on them by the Bolsheviks and were fighting for independence. In his opinion, the Turkmen struggle never ceased after the establishment of Soviet rule and that it would only end when the Turkmen gained independence and reestablished their own state – that is exactly what happened with the dissolution of the USSR.

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