Customs authorities as a subject of ensuring economic security in the context of the formation of the digital economy

The article examines the role of customs authorities in ensuring economic security, determines the nature of the impact of the digital economy on the specifics of the functions performed by customs authorities, and analyzes possible risks and challenges, as well as potential ways to neutralize them. In the current conditions of the intensive desire of states to make the rapid transition to the technologies of the V and VI technological structures, it is natural to form a set of elements of such a way of organizing economic relations as the digital economy. In this context, the impact of the developing components of the digital economy on the directions and specifics of the activities of not only private organizations, but also state bodies, including customs, is obvious. The article shows that in the context of the formation of the digital economy, customs authorities, being one of the subjects of ensuring the economic security of the state, continue to implement their main functions and tasks, while adjusting the used methods in the direction of an increasingly deep application of ICT. The general change in working methods caused by the development of the digital economy, as it was mentioned above, leads to the transformation of the chosen ways of solving the set tasks and performing the assigned functions, but does not affect their semantic essence.

THE SHIFT IN HISTORICAL PERCEPTION FROM TRADITION TO MODERN IN VIETNAM IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the intelligentsia of the colonial countries and ones being threatened by Western colonial dominance in Asia began to re-perceive the problems of sovereignty, nation-state, and re-ask questions like "What is history for?" as well as review what previous historians wrote about their national history. From re-realizing history and rewriting history according to new perspectives, historiography in these countries has shifted from "traditional" to "modern" with taking Western science as the main direction. Vietnamese historiography is also not out of that general change. Examining the product of historical books at the beginning of the twentieth century, Phan Boi Chau is considered as the pioneer historian for that historiographical turn. The article focuses on analyzing the new historical viewpoints of Phan Boi Chau from the global perspective of the flow of thought in Asian countries at that time.

Assen Ignatov: The Theomachist and the God-Seeker

Assen Ignatov: The Theomachist and the God-SeekerThis article aims to trace the evolution of Assen Ignatov’s attitude towards religion and to outline the main features of this change – from an intellectual whose worldview was initially Marxist to being a dissident philosopher known also for his respect for Christianity. The first part of the study is devoted to the early professional stages of Assen Ignatov’s life (as a lecturer at Sofia University), when he attacked the “Bourgeois” philosophy for its affinity to religion. Gradually, these initial attitudes were seriously shaken, partly because he was one of the very few erudite thinkers in Bulgaria during the “socialist” period who witnessed the dogmatism and narrow interests of the Party philosophers. In addition, his escape to Western Europe was a radical break with the past, specifically with regard to religion. Assen Ignatov interpreted communism as a pseudo-religion from the viewpoint of Christian personalism and existentialism. The author concludes that the radical change of Ignatov’s attitude towards religion shows the measure of his general change of worldview. Asen Ignatow – w walce przeciw Bogu i w poszukiwaniu BogaCelem artykułu jest prześledzenie ewolucji stosunku do religii Asena Ignatowa: od intelektualisty, którego światopogląd był początkowo marksistowski, do filozofa-dysydenta, znanego również z jego szacunku dla chrześcijaństwa. W pierwszej części zaprezentowane są początkowe etapy w jego życiu zawodowym, kiedy jako wykładowca na Uniwersytecie w Sofii atakował filozofię burżuazyjną z powodu jej pokrewieństwa z religią. Stopniowo postawy te uległy poważnemu zachwianiu (również dlatego, że był on jednym z niewielu bardzo dobrze wykształconych myślicieli w Bułgarii okresu „socjalistycznego”, który obserwował dogmatyzm i wąskie interesy partyjnych filozofów), a jego ucieczka do Europy Zachodniej oznaczała zerwanie z przeszłością, szczególnie w odniesieniu do religii. Asen Ignatow interpretował komunizm jako pseudoreligię z punktu widzenia chrześcijańskiego personalizmu i egzystencjalizmu. Autorka konkluduje, że radykalny zwrot w postawie Ignatowa wobec religii jest wyrazem głębszych zmian o charakterze światopoglądowym.

„Meil oli Mihkel Mehka ja ta naise nimi Hipp“ – Hargla kihelkonna tunnuslikest eesnimedest

Siinses artiklis vaatlen Hargla kihelkonna isikunimistut, keskendudes piirkonna tunnusnimedele Mehka ja Hipp. Neist esimese järgi on tekkinud piirkonnanimi Mehkamaa ja ka etnonüüm mehkad piirkonna elanike tähistamiseks. Nimekasutuse uurimiseks koostasin Eesti Rahvusarhiivis säilitatavate Hargla kihelkonna kirikuraamatute põhjal eesnimekorpuse. Eelkõige analüüsin tunnusnimede ajalist ulatust lähtuvalt legendist, mille järgi Põhjasõja aegadel jäid piirkonda elama vaid Mehka ja Hipp ning Mõniste ümbruse rahvas pärineb suuresti sellest kooselust. Arhiiviallikad näitavad, et nimi Mehka ilmub kirikuraamatutesse alles 18. sajandi lõpus, kuid nimi võis olla varem kirikuraamatusse kirjutatud Mihklina. Eelmainitud legendi võib aga pidada kunstlikuks, mille levik on seotud eelkõige Mõniste muuseumiga, kus seda hakati tutvustama. Hargla kihelkonna üldine nimevaramu muutus aga käib kokku ühiskondlike muutustega 19. sajandi lõpukümnenditel ja sealt kadusid koos mitmete teiste toonaste tavaliste nimedega ka piirkonna tunnuseesnimed Mehka ja Hipp. Abstract. Taavi Pae: “We used Mehka instead Mihkel and his wife’s name was Hipp” – On the characteristic first names of Hargla parish. In this article, I analyse first names in the Hargla parish (Võru county in Southern Estonia), focusing on two historically typical first names for the region: Mehka and Hipp. The first of these has been used to identify the whole area (Mehkamaa) as well as an ethnonym (mehkad). The author compiled a firstname corpus based on the Hargla parish register kept in the Estonian National Archives. One motive for the analysis was to verify the folklore of only two people in the area – a Mehka and a Hipp – surviving the Great Northern War, with the full population of the area descending from this partnership. The archive materials indicate that Mehka appeared in the parish register only in the late 18th century. There are several references to the earlier use of that name, but in the parish record they were marked as Mihkel. Nonetheless, the ‘folklore’ can be considered artificial with its spread primarily related to the Mõniste Museum founded in 1957. The general change in the name system of Hargla parish coincided with the social changes in the late 19th century. The regional first names Mehka and Hipp disappeared and the names became longer and more German-like.

Die Veränderung des alpinen Schutzhüttenbaus vom 19. bis zum 21. Jahrhundert

Changes in Alpine shelter construction from the 19th to the 21st century. A contribution to the environmental history of Western AustriaThe following paper provides a chronological overview of Alpine shelter construction in Western Austria from the 19th to the 21st century. It examines the ambivalent role the “Alpenverein” has played in this Alpine development and scrutinizes its changing attitude to nature conservation. In doing so, the paper argues that different shelter constructions and the discussions surrounding them might be regarded as indicators of a general change in environmental awareness.

A WORK OF ART IN THE SPACE OF NETWORK CULTURE: CREATIVITY AS BRICOLAGE

The development of modern informational-communication technologies has led to the occurrence of the new unique sociocultural phenomenon – a network culture, with irony as the dominating rhetoric. In the space of network culture, under digital technologies, the forms, types, and functions of art, and creativity in general, change. The paper states that communication becomes the main function of art, while a work of art more and more becomes an object of communication. The authors propose to broaden the volume of creativity conception, going beyond the classical interpretation towards a broader understanding of this phenomenon, namely, creativity as bricolage. The methodological basis of the bricolage model of creativity, relevant for the new media art, is the concept of “bricolage” developed by Claude Lévi-Strauss.

Das spanische Parteiensystem von 1977 bis 2019: Veränderung oder Transformation?

This article investigates if a party system change has taken place in Spain from June 1977 to January 2019 . The operationalization of Smith’s (1989) definition of party system change requires the distinction between “normal” and “unusual” values of the indicators, which are subject to constant fluctuations . This distinction was achieved by defining unusual values as values that fall outside the area of plus/minus one standard deviation around the mean of the respective indicator . If an indicator’s values are unusual several times in a row, Smith considered it to have undergone change . The distinction between limited and general change as well as a party system transformation depends on how many indicators measure the properties of different party groups that undergo change . The results show that the Spanish party system underwent a series of limited changes from 1977 to 2015 . Despite the following massive shifts in the distribution of seats and the increases in format, this period can only be qualified as one of (weak) general change, but not of party system transformation .