An Analysis of Variance for Categorical Data, II: Small Sample Comparisons with Chi Square and other Competitors

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate dynamic smile in different skeletal patterns and to correlate vertical smile parameters with the underlying causative factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 participants ranging in age from 16–25 years were selected and divided into one of three groups—horizontal, average, and vertical skeletal pattern—using the following three cephalometric parameters: SN-MP, FMA, and Jarabak ratio. Videographic records of smile were obtained, and measurements were recorded and analyzed at rest, including upper lip length, and during smile, including maxillary incisal display, interlabial gap, intercommisural width, change in upper lip length, and smile arc. Differences among the three groups were subjected to two-way analysis of variance and post hoc and chi-square tests for smile arc. Correlations between vertical smile variables and vertical skeletal (N-ANS, N-Me) and dental cephalometric measurements (U1 to palatal plane) were also investigated. Results: Vertical parameters were significantly increased in the vertical pattern when compared with the horizontal pattern, ie, upper lip length (P < .01), maxillary incisal display (P < .001), interlabial gap (P < .001), and change in upper lip length (P < .001), whereas intercommisural width was significantly decreased in vertical pattern when compared with the horizontal pattern (P < .001). Flat smile arc was seen more frequently in the horizontal pattern. Positive correlations were found between the N-Me, U1-PP, and change in upper lip length with vertical smile parameters. Conclusions: Different skeletal patterns exhibit their characteristic smile features. Upper lip length is not responsible for increased incisal display during smile. Increased incisal display during smile is more closely associated with upper lip elevation than vertical skeletal and dental factors.

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Characterization of microsatellite instability (dMMR/MSI-H) and mutational landscape in a large contemporary cohort of upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) patients.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2021.39.6_suppl.465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (6_suppl) ◽

pp. 465-465

Author(s):

Arpit Rao ◽

Julie Elaine McGrath ◽

Joanne Xiu ◽

Andre Luiz De Souza ◽

Shuchi Gulati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microsatellite Instability ◽

Chromatin Remodeling ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Small Sample ◽

Biological Pathways ◽

High Rate ◽

Chi Square ◽

Mutational Landscape ◽

Comparison Results ◽

Small Sample Sizes

465 Background: UTUC is a rare genitourinary malignancy and a number of studies, limited by small sample sizes, have attempted to characterize its mutational landscape. Because immunotherapy is commonly used for this disease type, we evaluated the prevalence of microsatellite instability and characterized the mutational landscapes of UTUC in a large contemporary patient cohort. Methods: UTUC tumor samples were analyzed using next generation sequencing (NGS) (NextSeq, 592 gene panel) or whole exome sequencing (WES) (NovaSeq) (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). Mismatch repair status (deficient [dMMR] or proficient [pMMR]) and microsatellite instability status (MSI-high or stable [MSS]) were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), fragment analysis, and NGS. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) was measured by counting all somatic mutations found per tumor (high cutoff ≥ 10 mutations per MB). PD-L1 expression was tested by IHC using PD-L1 antibody clones 22c3 (Agilent; positive cutoff CPS ≥ 10) and SP142 (Ventana; positive cutoff ≥ 5% IC). Pathogenic fusion events were detected using whole transcriptome sequencing (NovaSeq). Statistical significance was determined using the Chi-square test and adjusted for multiple comparison. Results: 538 patients with included – median (range) age 71.5 (30-89) years and 37.5% female/62.5% male. Prevalence of dMMR/MSI-H was 3.9% (21/538) and TMB-high was 22.7% (96/423). Significant molecular differences were not detected in primary vs metastatic disease or in male vs female cases. dMMR/MSI-H tumors had higher frequency of TMB-high compared to MSS tumors (100% vs. 19%, p = 0.00003). dMMR/MSI-H tumors also had a higher frequency than MSS tumors for mutations in genes involved in chromatin remodeling (ASXL 82.4%, CREBBP 60%, SMARCA4 40%, KMT2D 95%, ARIDIA 100%, KMT2A 20%, KMT2C 35.3%, NSD1 20%), DNA-damage repair (FANCG 10%, ATM 45%, ATRX 40%) and other biological pathways (RNF43 10%, PTCH1 21.4%, ERBB3 30%, CDKN2A 25%, TSC2 15%, FLNC 15%, HNF1A 20%, CIC 15%, DNMT3A 17.6%); all adjusted p < 0.05. Pathogenic fusions were detected in 3.8% (17/443) cases, with FGFR3 fusion being the most common, occurring in 2.7% (12/443) cases. PD-L1 positivity was identified in 33.2% (133/400) cases tested by 22c3 antibody and 28.4% (89/313) cases tested by SP142 antibody. No difference was seen in PD-L1 positivity between MSI-H/dMMR vs. MSS tumors. Conclusions: In the largest analysis to date, we found a 3.9% prevalence of dMMR/MSI-high rate in UTUC. All dMMR/MSI-H tumors displayed TMB-high. PD-L1 positivity was comparable between dMMR/MSI-H and MSS tumors. dMMR/MSI-H tumors had a significantly higher rate of mutations in genes involved in chromatin remodeling and DDR biological pathways. These results could inform design of targeted therapy trials in UTUC.

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Investigating association between factors fostering attention to a stock and rationales to buy it: an empirical analysis

Review of Behavioral Finance ◽

10.1108/rbf-05-2021-0082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Ripsy Bondia ◽

Pratap C. Biswal ◽

Abinash Panda

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Categorical Data ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Individual Investors ◽

Multiple Response ◽

Individual Investor ◽

Test Statistic ◽

Chi Square ◽

Content Type ◽

First Order

PurposeCan something that drives our initial attention toward a stock have any implications on final decision to buy it? This paper empirically and statistically tests association, if any, between factors fostering attention toward a stock and rationales to buy it.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses survey responses of individual investors involving multiple response categorical data. Association between attention fostering factors and rationales is tested using a modified first-order corrected Rao-Scott chi-square test statistic (to adjust for within-participant dependence among responses in case of multiple response categorical variables). Further, odds ratios and mosaic plots are used to determine the effect size of association.FindingsStrong association is seen between attention fostering factors and rationales to buy a stock. Further, strongest associations are seen in cases where origin is the same underlying influencing factor. Some of the most cited attention fostering factors and rationales in this research stem from familiarity bias and expert bias.Practical implicationsWhat starts as a trivial attention fostering factor, which may not even be recognized by majority investors, can go on to become one of the rationales for buying a stock. This can result in substantial financial implications for an individual investor. Investor education agencies and regulatory authorities can make investors cognizant of such association, which can help investors to improve and adjust their decision making accordingly.Originality/valueThe extant literature discusses factors/biases influencing buying decisions of individual investors. This research takes a step ahead by distinguishing these factors in terms of whether they play role of (1) fostering attention toward a stock or (2) of reasons for ultimately buying it. Such dissection of factors/biases, to the best of authors' knowledge, has not been done previously in any empirical and statistical analysis. The paper uses multiple response categorical data and applies a modified first-order corrected Rao-Scott chi-square statistic to test association. Application of the above-mentioned test statistic has not been done previously in context of individual investor decision-making.

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Methods and techniques of research motivation and satisfaction of employees

Trendovi u poslovanju ◽

10.5937/trendpos2102059p ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 53-63

Author(s):

Dragana Pešić-Jenačković

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Employee Motivation ◽

Test Point ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Business Success ◽

Chi Square ◽

Methods And Techniques ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Motivation and employee satisfaction are very important precondition for the effectiveness of work and the achievement of set goals for individuals and organizations. Consequently, continuous measurement of employee motivation and satisfaction is essential to improve company's efficiency and improve human resource use. The results of a well-planned, detailed and adequate methods and techniques of research on employee motivation and satisfaction can be applied to the design of various schemes in order to reduce absenteeism and employee turnover and overall business success. In this paper, the emphasis is on the methodology of researching employee motivation and satisfaction. In addition to the elaboration of questionnaires with scales for measuring the motivation and satisfaction of employees, it is explained in which situations, in which types of questions and answers, respectively, types of data, and how certain statistical techniques are applied, such as: T-test, One-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square test, Point-two-series correlations. Also, the importance of using the subsequent post hoc test (LSD comparison) in the analysis of variance, as well as the indicators of correlation, the strength of the impact, such as: phi correlation coefficient, Kramer's coefficient and contingency coefficient, is pointed out in the Chi-square test. In addition to the mentioned techniques and indicators from SPSS, the role of certain indicators (eta squared and coefficient of determination) is calculated, which are calculated using data from research results and with the help of certain formulas

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The Role of Religious Norms On Selecting The Islamic Bank

Al-Iqtishad Journal of Islamic Economics ◽

10.15408/aiq.v7i1.1356 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 31-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hardius Usman

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Exploratory Study ◽

Islamic Banking ◽

Chi Square ◽

Banking Services ◽

Contemporary Group ◽

Chi Square Test

The aims of this study are to examine Muslim’s religious norms regarding to their belief on the law of the prohibition of bank interest, and to investigate the effect of religius norms on customers’ decision in using the Islamic banking services. This study employs natural experimental design with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson Chi-Square Test. The exploratory study also conducted to support the quantitative analysis. The results show that the religious norms among Muslims classified into two categories, i.e: traditional and contemporary group and the religious norm of the Muslim have significant affects on the decision in using the Islamic banks.DOI:10.15408/aiq.v7i1.1356

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A Pilot Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Dexamethasone for Chronic Subdural Hematoma

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/cjn.2015.393 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 284-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Michel Prud’homme ◽

François Mathieu ◽

Nicolas Marcotte ◽

Sylvine Cottin

Keyword(s):

Conservative Treatment ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Small Sample Size ◽

Chronic Subdural Hematoma ◽

Symptomatic Patient ◽

Placebo Treatment ◽

Small Sample ◽

Chi Square ◽

Serious Adverse Events ◽

Before And After

AbstractBackground: Current opinions regarding the use of dexamethasone in the treatment of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) are only based on observational studies. Moreover, the use of corticosteroids in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patient with this condition remains controversial. Here, we present data from a prospective randomized pilot study of CSDH patients treated with dexamethasone or placebo. Methods: Twenty patients with imaging-confirmed CSDH were recruited from a single center and randomized to receive dexamethasone (12 mg/day for 3 weeks followed by tapering) or placebo as a conservative treatment. Patients were followed for 6 months and the rate of success of conservative treatment with dexamethasone versus placebo was measured. Parameters such as hematoma thickness and clinical changes were also compared before and after treatment with chi-square tests. Adverse events and complications were documented. Results: During the 6-month follow-up, one of ten patients treated with corticosteroids had to undergo surgical drainage and three of ten patients were treated surgically after placebo treatment. At the end of the study, all remaining patients had complete radiological resolution. No significant differences were observed in terms of hematoma thickness profile and impression of change; however, patients experienced more severe side effects when treated with steroids as compared with placebo. Dexamethasone contributed to many serious adverse events. Conclusions: Given the small sample size, these preliminary results have not shown a clear beneficial effect of dexamethasone against placebo in our patients. However, the number of secondary effects reported was much greater for corticosteroids, and dexamethasone treatment was responsible for significant complications.

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