Capital Buffer, Risk, Profitability, Size, and Macroeconomics: Empirical Study on Islamic Banks

The development of Islamic economics has led to the growth of Islamic banking, as a financial institution based on sharia principles. This research aims to analyze the relationship of risk, profitability, company size, and macroeconomics with capital buffer of Shariah Commercial Banks Indonesia during the period of 2015-2019. The study used a quantitative approach of the regression panel data with stata13 statistical tools. This study used secondary data with a population of 14 sharia commercial banks and a sample of 12 Islamic commercial banks using purposive sampling method. BOPO, NM, ROA, and KURS (exchange rate) were found to have significant positive effects on CB. SIZE has a significant negative effect, while NPF has positive insignificant effect on CB. Islamic banks, regulators, and governments may consider risks, profitability, company size, and macroeconomic conditions in determining the size of capital buffers and maintaining the adequacy of capital owned by Islamic Banking.Keyword: Capital Buffer, Islamic Economic Systems, Shariah Banks. Abstrak. Ekonomi Islam menjadi paradigma baru yang komprehensif. Bank syariah dalam sistem ekonomi Islam merupakan lembaga keuangan dengan prinsip syariah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan risiko, profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, dan makroekonomi dengan penyangga modal (CB) Bank umum syariah (BUS) di Indonesia pada tahun 2015-2019. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan data panel kuantitatif regresi dengan alat statistik stata13. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan populasi 14 Bank Islam dan sampel 12 bank umum syariah berdasarkan metode purposive sampling. BOPO, NM, ROA, dan KURS (nilai tukar) ditemukan memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap CB. SIZE memiliki hubungan negatif signifikan, sedangkan NPF positif tidak signifikan. Bank syariah, regulator, dan pemerintah dapat mempertimbangkan risiko, profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, dan kondisi makroekonomi dalam menentukan ukuran penyangga modal dan menjaga kecukupan modal yang dimiliki oleh Perbankan Syariah.Kata Kunci: Penyangga Modal, Sistem Ekonomi Syariah, Bank Syariah

The Relevance of Islamic Religiosity, Islamic Work Ethics, and Job Satisfaction of Employees in Islamic Financial Institutions in Gorontalo.

This research analyses the influence of Islamic religiosity and the Islamic work ethics on job satisfaction of employees in Islamic Financial Institutions in Gorontalo Indonesia. Using a questionnaire method, this research had 137 employees as samples spreading in 14 Islamic financial institutions in Gorontalo Province. This research used multiple linear regression approach. Based on data analysis, the result showed that simultaneously the religiosity and Islamic work ethics variables affected the employee’s job satisfaction, whereas in partial, only the Islamic work ethics variable influenced the job satisfaction. Overall, the employees have not yet found a medium to explore their Islamic potential, thus their expressions of religiosity seemed to be scriptural and only limited to practices and rituals.Keywords : Islamic Religiosity, Islamic Working Ethics, Job Satisfaction Abstrak. Relevansi Religiusitas Islam, Etika Kerja Islam, dan Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Lembaga Keuangan Syariah di Gorontalo. Penelitian ini melihat pengaruh religiusitas Islam dan etika kerja Islam terhadap kepuasan kerja di lembaga keuangan syariah di Provinsi Gorontalo. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data yang diolah dengan menggunakan metode regresi linier berganda dengan mengambil sampel sebanyak 137 pegawai yang tersebar di 14 lembaga keuangan syariah di Provinsi Gorontalo. Penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa secara simultan variabel religiusitas dan etika kerja Islam berpengaruh terhadap kepuasan kerja, sedangkan secara parsial hanya variabel etika kerja islam yang memberi pengaruh pada kepuasan kerja. Secara menyeluruh bahwa pegawai belum memiliki wadah untuk mengeksplor potensi keberagamaan mereka sehinga ekspresi kebebasan keberagamaan masih terkesan kaku dan hanya terbatas pada praktik dan ritualisme semata.Kata Kuci: religiusitas islam, etika kerja Islam, dan kepuasan kerja

Estimation of Duration Gap and its Determinants for Islamic Banks: Empirical Evidence using Two-Step Robust GMM

The banking industry is in the business of risk management, which is of significant consideration to banks and their regulators. Islamic commercial banks (ICBs) are no exception as they too deal with a variety of peculiar risks. One specific risk is the rate of return risk (ROR) in the banking book, which is dealt with under Pillar 2 of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) standards. The IFSB, similar to the BCBS, provides a detailed framework on the management of ROR risk for the ICBs, including modalities of maturity gap and calculation of precise duration of assets and liabilities. However, existing studies on risk management practices show significant gaps; there are no studies which specifically highlight the assessment of ROR risk with duration gap for ICBs. Therefore, we estimate the duration gap of ICBs and determine the factors influencing the duration gaps in the context of ROR risk. Using Duration Gap Model and Two-Step Robust Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), with a sample of 50 ICBs from 13 countries, for the period 2007-2015, our empirical findings are three-fold: (a) time series and cross-sectional duration gap of ICBs reflecting significant variations across the banks and countries; (b) ICBs have a general tendency of maintaining a higher (more) duration gap compared to their conventional counterparts, and are exposed to increasing ROR risk due to their larger duration gaps and severe liquidity mismatches; and (c) there is significant difference in the estimated coefficients of idiosyncratic factors influencing the duration gaps of ICBs. This study makes profound contributions to the existing corpus of literature and provides direction to the ICBs to reflect upon the significance of liquidity mismatch risk, ROR risk management with the duration gap, factors influencing the duration gaps, and management of the ROR risk under Pillar 2 of the BCBS and the IFSB standards.

Optimizing Strategy for Land-Based Waqf Development in Indonesia

Indonesia waqf’s potential is considered huge. Even though, there is a imbalance in utilizing land-based waqf in Indonesia. Most of it are served to religious-based activity rather than productive action. The aim of this research is to formulate an optimizing strategy on land-based waqf development in Indonesia. The priority consideration factor affecting nadhir also be inspected as a strategy formulation basis. ANP (Analytic Network Process) method is equipped in this research. Result shows that management capability is the priority aspect to nadzhir’s decision in utilizing land-based waqf. Lack of competency becomes the most highlighted problem in that aspect. Fortification towards the regulation is considered to be the optimizing strategy in development land-based waqf in Indonesia. Keywords: Strategy, Optimizing, Land-Based Waqf, Productive Waqf, Institutional Nadzhir.

Corporate Governance Practices and Disclosure of Risk Management Sharia Bank in Asean

The risks faced by Islamic banks are similar to conventional banks. Therefore, Sharia Banks must also carry out risk management disclosures. This study aims to examine the effect of governance, including the Sharia Supervisory Board, Independent Commissioner, Audit Committee, Risk Committee, the doubling of the Sharia Supervisory Board Position, and the frequency of meetings on the quality of risk management disclosures. The population is Sharia Banks in ASEAN; samples are selected purposively according to the data's completeness that can be accessed through the capital market website. Risk management disclosures are measured using the index of completeness of risk items revealed. Data analysis was performed using multiple regression analysis. The study found that the number of audit committees and meeting frequency had a significant and positive effect on the quality of risk management disclosures. The number of Sharia supervisory boards has a significant effect on the negative coefficient. Other governance variables do not affect risk management disclosures.Keywords: Sharia Bank, Corporate Governance, Risk Management, Disclosure.Abstrak. Risiko yang dihadapi bank syariah hampir sama dengan bank konvensional. Oleh karena itu, Bank Syariah juga wajib melakukan pengungkapan manajemen risiko. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh tata kelola antara lain Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, Komite Risiko, penggandaan Jabatan Dewan Pengawas Syariah, dan frekuensi rapat terhadap kualitas pengungkapan manajemen risiko. Populasinya adalah Bank Syariah di ASEAN. Sampel dipilih secara purposif sesuai dengan kelengkapan data yang dapat diakses melalui website pasar modal. Pengungkapan manajemen risiko diukur dengan menggunakan indeks kelengkapan item risiko yang diungkap. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa jumlah komite audit dan frekuensi rapat berpengaruh signifikan dan positif terhadap kualitas pengungkapan manajemen risiko. Jumlah dewan pengawas syariah berpengaruh signifikan dengan koefisien negatif. Variabel tata kelola lainnya tidak mempengaruhi pengungkapan manajemen risiko.Kata Kunci: Bank Syariah, Tata Kelola Perusahaan, Manajemen Risiko, Pengungkapan.

Corporate Social Responsibility on Image and Trust of Bank Syariah Mandiri

The implementation of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program will have a positive impact not only on banking operations but on the continued existence in the future. With the implementation of CSR, Islamic banks not only gain economic benefits in terms of profit and growth but also enhance the public image and public trust. The results of this CSR program bring Islamic Banks closer to the people for better social change. Structural Equation Modelling results show that CSR variables significantly influence the image and trust of Bank Syariah Mandiri Jambi.Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Image; Trust; Structural Equation Modelling.Abstrak. Implementasi program Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan akan memiliki dampak positif tidak hanya pada operasi perbankan tetapi pada keberlanjutan keberadaan di masa depan. Dengan penerapan Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan, bank syariah tidak hanya mendapatkan manfaat ekonomi dalam hal laba dan pertumbuhan tetapi juga meningkatkan citra dan kepercayaan masyarakat. Hasil dari program Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan ini membawa bank-bank Islam lebih dekat kepada masyarakat untuk perubahan sosial yang lebih baik. Hasil Structural Equation Modeling menunjukkan bahwa variabel Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap citra dan kepercayaan Bank Syariah Mandiri Jambi.Kata kunci: Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan; Citra; Kepercayaan; Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural.

Roles of Islamic Microfinance Institutions in Improving Financial Inclusion in Indonesia: Empirical Evidence from Baitulmaal wa Tamwil

This research aims to answer and investigate the roles of Islamic microfinance institutions (IMFIs) in improving financial inclusion in Indonesia by taking three regions, namely, Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (JABODETABEK) area; Daerah Istimewa (DI) Yogyakarta area; and Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) area as samples. The results will demeanour the roles of IMFIS in improving financial inclusion. Only managers of the IMFIs are taken as respondents since they are the decision makers and have clear understanding of the mission of the IMFIs, thus are practically responsible for achieving IMFIs objectives by anticipating issues and regulatory changes. A complete of 481 managers of Baitulmaal Wa Tamwil (BMTs) which administered under the Sharia Cooperative Centre (INKOPSYAH) involved in the study. Qualitative method were approached in this research for determining the variables in advancing model. Two mechanisms were developed in the data collection; the first mechanism involved a survey questionnaire, and the second mechanism involved in-depth interview so as to outline data related to the model design. The findings of this research occurred current issues and challenges in increasing the roles of IMFIs in improving financial inclusion. The results also highlight recommendations for BMTs and policy makers that simultaneously collaborate the regulations and the implementations for improving financial inclusion in Indonesia.

Multi Level Marketing (MLM) in Fatwa DSN MUI

The purpose of this study is to explain the fatwa of the DSN-MUI (Dewan Sharia Nasional-Majelis Ulama Indonesia) No. 75 / DSN MUI / VII / 2009, regarding Guidelines for Direct Selling with Sharia Level (PLBS) or Multi-Level Marketing (MLM). The study analyses the methodology used by the DSN-MUI in giving the fatwa on the MLM. This study is a qualitative research with a content-analysis method by analysing the fatwa on MLM using fiqh and ushul al-fiqh theories. It concludes that the fatwa issued by the DSN MUI is accommodating and applicable for business people in Indonesia. The DSN MUI fatwa provides solutions and guidance for business people to make business activities in accordance with the sharia’s principles.Keyword: Fatwa ,MLM, DSN MUI. Abstrak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan fatwa DSN-MUI (Dewan Syariah Nasional-Majelis Ulama Indonesia) No. 75/DSN MUI/VII/2009, tentang Pedoman Penjualan Langsung Bertingkat Syariah (PLBS) atau Multi Level Pemasaran (MLM). Kajian ini menganalisis metodologi yang digunakan DSN-MUI dalam memberikan fatwa tentang MLM. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode analisis isi dengan menganalisis fatwa tentang MLM dengan menggunakan teori fiqh dan ushul al-fiqh. Disimpulkan bahwa fatwa yang dikeluarkan DSN MUI sudah akomodatif dan berlaku bagi para pelaku bisnis di Indonesia. Fatwa DSN MUI memberikan solusi dan pedoman bagi para pelaku usaha untuk melakukan kegiatan usaha sesuai dengan prinsip syariah.Kata Kunci: Fatwa ,MLM, DSN MUI.

The Integration of Islamic Stock Markets of OIC Countries in China Stock Market Crisis and US-China Trade War

The purpose of this study is to analyze the integration and response of the Islamic stock market of the OIC countries before the crisis and during the China stock market crisis also during the United States-China trade war with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. The results showed that there was no cointegration in the period before the China stock market crisis. However, during the period of the China stock market crisis and the United States-China trade war, the cointegration was more common. The Islamic stock market of Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE experienced a domino effect from fluctuations in crude oil prices. Then, the Indonesia Islamic stock market in the two crisis periods had a long-term relationship with the US and China stock markets. Whereas the Malaysian and Bangladesh Islamic stock markets have only a long-term relationship with the US stock market. In terms of the benefits of portfolio diversification for investors, there is relevance of dominant economic, geographical, and trade relations in influencing the integration of the Islamic stock market.

Significance of Granting Legal Personality to Waqf Establishments in The Republic of Guinea

It is seen that while some countries have figured out the elements necessary to ensure the effective operation of waqf entities, most have yet to do so. The situation in the Republic of Guinea is that all waqf facilities in the country, with the exception of Waqf IDB Guinea, have been deprived of a ‘legal personality’ status, putting a cap on the great potential that could be realized. To address this issue, the study has looked into and cross-examined the status of waqf in different countries and has, accordingly, proposed that the ‘legal personality’ status be awarded to waqf facilities in Guinea so as to attract the relevant stakeholders, render legal recourse available to aggrieved parties, register the beneficial interest of relevant participants, and lastly create job, investment and other opportunities for interested parties. Such measure, as has been proven, would greatly benefit the Guinean society and other communities.Keyword: Waqf, legal personality, Republic of Guinea, Islamic finance. Abstrak. Terlihat bahwa sementara beberapa negara telah menemukan elemen-elemen yang diperlukan dalam kerangka tata kelola wakaf mereka, yang lain belum melakukannya. Di Republik Guinea, entitas wakaf tertentu yang diakui secara hukum yang dikenal sebagai Wakaf IDB Guinea telah memprakarsai banyak proyek. Namun, terlepas dari entitas tersebut, fasilitas wakaf di negara ini telah dicabut status 'subyek hukum'-nya, yang telah membatasi potensi besar yang dapat direalisasikan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, penelitian mengusulkan agar status 'subyek hukum' diberikan kepada fasilitas wakaf di Guinea untuk menarik minat para pemangku kepentingan, memberikan jalan hukum yang tersedia bagi pihak yang dirugikan, mendaftarkan manfaat waqaf bagi para pihak yang berkepentingan, dan terakhir menciptakan lapangan kerja, investasi dan peluang lain untuk para pihak yang berkepentingan. Pemberian status badan hukum kepada lembaga-lembaga wakaf, sebagaimana telah dibuktikan, akan sangat bermanfaat bagi masyarakat Guinea dan masyarakat lainnya.Kata Kunci: Waqf, Subyek Hukum, Republik Guinea, Keuangan Syariah.