Effect of soil surface amendments on runoff and erosion from simulated rain applied to a sesquioxidic soil

Surface roughness of the soil is formed by mechanical tillage and is also influenced by the kind and amount of plant residue, among other factors. Its persistence over time mainly depends on the fundamental characteristics of rain and soil type. However, few studies have been developed to evaluate these factors in Latossolos (Oxisols). In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil tillage and of amounts of plant residue on surface roughness of an Oxisol under simulated rain. Treatments consisted of the combination of the tillage systems of no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), and minimum tillage (MT) with rates of plant residue of 0, 1, and 2 Mg ha-1 of oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and 0, 3, and 6 Mg ha-1 of maize (Zea mays L.). Seven simulated rains were applied on each experimental plot, with intensity of 60±2 mm h-1 and duration of 1 h at weekly intervals. The values of the random roughness index ranged from 2.94 to 17.71 mm in oats, and from 5.91 to 20.37 mm in maize, showing that CT and MT are effective in increasing soil surface roughness. It was seen that soil tillage operations carried out with the chisel plow and the leveling disk harrow are more effective in increasing soil roughness than those carried out with the heavy disk harrow and leveling disk harrow. The roughness index of the soil surface decreases exponentially with the increase in the rainfall volume applied under conditions of no tillage without soil cover, conventional tillage, and minimum tillage. The oat and maize crop residue present on the soil surface is effective in maintaining the roughness of the soil surface under no-tillage.

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Sulfentrazone efficiency on Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as influenced by rain and sugarcane straw

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582013000100018 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 165-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

N.M Correia ◽

E.H Camilo ◽

E.A Santos

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Time Interval ◽

Herbicide Application ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

Sugarcane Straw ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Rain Simulation

The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of sulfentrazone applied in pre-emergence in controlling Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea quamoclit as a function of the time interval between herbicide application and the occurrence of rain, and the presence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface. Two greenhouse experiments and one field experiment were conducted. For the greenhouse experiments, the study included three doses of sulfentrazone applied by spraying 0, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ha-1, two amounts of straw on the soil (0 and 10 t ha-1), and five time intervals between the application of herbicide and rain simulation (0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 days). In the field experiment, five herbicide treatments (sulfentrazone at 0.6 and 0.9 kg ha-1, sulfentrazone + hexazinone at 0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1, amicarbazone at 1.4 kg ha-1, and imazapic at 0.147 kg ha-1) and two controls with no herbicide were studied. Management conditions with or without sugarcane straw on the soil were also assessed. From the greenhouse experiments, sulfentrazone application at 0.6 kg ha-1 was found to provide for the efficient control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit in a dry environment, with up to 90 days between herbicide application and rain simulation. After herbicide application, 20 mm of simulated rain was enough to leach sulfentrazone from the straw to the soil, as the biological effects observed in I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit remained unaffected. Under field conditions, either with or without sugarcane straw left on the soil, sulfentrazone alone (0.6 or 0.9 kg ha-1) or sulfentrazone combined with hexazinone (0.6 + 0.25 kg ha-1) was effective in the control of I. hederifolia and I. quamoclit, exhibiting similar or better control than amicarbazone (1.4 kg ha-1) and imazapic (0.147 kg ha-1).

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Application of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for description of soil microtopography changes in laboratory experiments

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Land Reclamation ◽

10.1515/sggw-2016-0029 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 377-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tomasz Stańczyk ◽

Anna Baryła

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Rainfall Simulation ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

3D Scanner ◽

Surface Microtopography ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Changes ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Elevation Model

Abstract In the study we evaluated spatial and quantitative changes in soil surface microtopography to describe water erosion process under simulated rain with use of a non-contact optical 3D scanner. The experiment was conducted in two variants: with and without drainage layer. Two clay soils collected from farmlands from the catchment of lake Zgorzała (Warsaw) were investigated. Six tests of simulated rain were applied, with 55 mm·h−1. The surface roughness and microrelief were determined immediately after every 10 min of rainfall simulation by 3D scanner. The volume of surface and underground runoff as well as soil moisture were measured. The surface points coordinates obtained while scanning were interpolated using natural neighbour method and GIS software to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEM) with a 0.5 mm resolution. Two DEM-derived surface roughness indices: Random Roughness (RR) and Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) were used for microrelief description. Calculated values of both roughness factors have decreased with time under the influence of rainfall in all analyzed variants. During the sprinkling the moisture of all samples had been growing rapidly from air-dry state reaching values close to the maximum water capacity (37–48% vol.) in 20–30 min. Simultaneously the intensity of surface runoff was increasing and cumulative runoff value was: 17–35% for variants with drainage and 72–83% for the variants without drainage, relative to cumulative rainfall. The observed soil surface elevation changes were associated with aggregates decomposition, erosion and sedimentation, and above all, with a compaction of the soil, which was considered to be a dominant factor hindering the assessment of the erosion intensity of the of the scanned surface.

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Estimation of surface depression storage capacity from surface roughness

10.5194/hess-2019-74 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed A. M. Abd Elbasit ◽

Chandra S. P. Ojha ◽

Majed M. Abu-Zerig ◽

Hiroshi Yasuda ◽

Liu Gang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Rainwater Harvesting ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Statistical Regression ◽

Random Roughness ◽

Soil Surface Roughness ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Mass Balance Approach ◽

Surface Depression

Abstract. Depression storage models found in the literature were developed using statistical regression for relatively large soil surface roughness and slope values resulting in several fitting parameters. In this research, we developed and tested a conceptual model to estimate surface depression storage having small roughness values usually encountered in rainwater harvesting microcatchments in arid regions with only one fitting parameter. Laboratory impermeable surfaces of 30 × 30 cm2 were constructed with four sizes of gravel and mortar resulting in random roughness values ranged from 0.9 to 6.3 mm. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted under 9 slope values using simulated rain. Depression storage for each combination of relative roughness and slope were estimated by mass balance approach. Analysis of experimental results indicated that the developed linear model between DSC and the square root of the ration of random roughness (RR) to slope was significant at probability value of 0.001 and coefficient of determination R2 = 0.90. The developed model predicted depression storage of small relief at higher accuracy compared to other models found in the literature.

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Effects of ozone and acid rain on white pine (Pinus strobus) seedlings grown in five soils. III. Nutrient relations

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b88-210 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (8) ◽

pp. 1517-1531 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Peter B. Reich ◽

Anna W. Schoettle ◽

Hans F. Stroo ◽

Robert G. Amundson

Keyword(s):

Acid Rain ◽

Pinus Strobus ◽

Soil Surface ◽

White Pine ◽

Zn And Cu In ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Major Nutrients ◽

Frequent Exposure ◽

Nutrient Relations ◽

Mn Concentrations

The effects of acid rain and ozone on nutrient relations of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were assessed for potted seedlings grown in each of five forest soils. Ozone treatments consisted of frequent exposure to 0.02, 0.06, 0.10, or 0.14 ppm ozone, while acid rain treatments consisted of exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.6, 4.0, 3.5, or 3.0. Plants were treated with all combinations of acid rain and ozone levels, and treatments were administered for 4 months. Acid rain caused significant leaching of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Zn, and Cd from leaf litter on the soil surface, and soil Mg and K content declined as well. Concentrations in needles of N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Cd, and Cr were significantly increased as a result of acid rain treatments. In roots, concentrations of N, Mn, Cd, and Cr were significantly elevated as a result of acid rain. Similar increasing but nonsignificant trends were observed for Mg, Zn, and Cu in needles and for P, K, Mg, Ca, and Cu in roots. However, despite the increases in all the major nutrients, the nutrient weight proportions of K:N, P:N, Ca:N, and Mg:N generally declined in pine tissue as a result of acid rain. Although the above relationships were relatively consistent for pine in all soils, significant differences between soils in response to acid rain were observed for some elements. Ozone had significant effects on K, Ca, and Mn concentrations, and interactions between acid rain and ozone were observed for these three elements. In general, the results of these experiments suggest that the effects of acid rain on tree nutrition may be roughly similar in different soils but that the effects on physiology and growth will be heavily influenced by specific soil properties.

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Hydraulic Gradients Across Simulated Rain-Formed Soil Surface Seals

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500060005x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 1031-1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

P. P. Sharma ◽

C. J. Gantzer ◽

G. R. Blake

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Hydraulic Gradients ◽

Simulated Rain

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Rusle parameters for modeling the loss of a soil subjected to pig slurry application

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2018001000010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (10) ◽

pp. 1167-1176

Author(s):

Maria Aparecida do Nascimento dos Santos ◽

Ildegardis Bertol ◽

Danieli Schneiders Kaufmann ◽

José Mecabô Júnior ◽

Bárbara Bagio

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Water Erosion ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Pig Slurry ◽

Soil Consolidation ◽

Erosion Modeling ◽

Avena Strigosa ◽

Simulated Rain

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine adjustment parameters for the revised universal soil loss equation (Rusle) of a soil subjected to pig slurry application. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, and 200 m3 ha-1 pig slurry (PS), after the cultivation of black oat (Avena strigosa), besides the application of 50 m3 ha-1 PS for six times onto the soil surface in a temporal sequence, and a control treatment of soil without cultivation and without pig slurry application. The evaluations were performed for black oat shoot dry mass, root mass and crop residues semi-incorporated into the soil (RMR), soil losses by means of simulated rain, and the parameters for water erosion modeling. The pig slurry application onto soil surface caused a reduction in the values of the soil consolidation parameter (Cf), an increase in the mass of living and dead roots and cultural residues incorporated in the upper layer (0.0-0.1 m) of the soil (Bu), and a reduction in the subfactor prior land use (PLU) of the Rusle.

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Effects of the amount of stubble mulch and overland flow on erosion of a cracking clay soil under simulated rain

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9880661 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 661 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

RJ Loch ◽

TE Donnollan

Keyword(s):

Field Study ◽

Overland Flow ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Bed Load ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Wheat Stubble ◽

Future Work ◽

Load Sediment

A field study by using simulated rain and run-on water was carried out to determine the effects of different amounts of wheat stubble mulch (ranging from 0.1 to 3 t ha-1) and increasing discharge on erosion. Rain-flow erosion decreased with increasing amounts of stubble. Concentrations of bed-load sediment carried by rain-flow decreased with increasing plot discharge. As discharges increased, overland flow probably became too deep for drop impact to effectively disturb the soil surface and entrain sediment. Only plots carrying 0.1 t ha-1 stubble showed definite scour by overland flow. However, sediment concentrations produced by scour were well below those measured in rill flow on bare soil at this site, showing that even very small rates of stubble mulch can, in some situations, significantly reduce erosion. Discharges at which rilling develops fully must be much larger than those at which scour by overland flow is initiated. Future work will need to consider discharges much larger than those used in this study.

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Coffee husk mulch on soil erosion and runoff: experiences under rainfall simulation experiment

Solid Earth ◽

10.5194/se-5-851-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 851-862 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

H. Moreno-Ramón ◽

S. J. Quizembe ◽

S. Ibáñez-Asensio

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Sediment Concentration ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Rainfall Simulation ◽

Water Losses ◽

Coffee Husk ◽

Erosion Rates ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Soil And Water

Abstract. The high erosion rates found in the agriculture land make valuable the use of mulches to control the soil and water losses. Coffee husk (Coffea canephora var. robusta) can be one of those mulches. This paper evaluates how to apply the mulch in order to obtain the best effectiveness. An experimental factorial design 4 × 3 × 2 with two replicates was designed in a greenhouse with a total number of 48 cases. All the samples were deposited in trays of 0.51 m2 and applied a simulated rain of 122 mm h−1 during 21 min. The factors examined were the following: four soil classes; three treatments – buried (B), surface (S) and non-residue (C) – and the presence (WC) or absence (WOC) of the soil surface crusting. The coffee husk residue (S and B treatments) reduced runoff by 10.2 and 46% respectively, soil losses by 78.3 and 88.7% and sediment concentration by 77 and 84.4%. The infiltration rate increased on average by 104 and 167%, and time to runoff by 1.58 and 2.07 min respectively. Coffee husk is an efficient mulch to reduce the soil and water losses, although it could not completely cushion the influence of crust.

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Effects of plot size on size distributions of water stable material at the soil surface under simulated rain

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr9920113 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 113 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

RJ Loch ◽

JL Foley

Keyword(s):

Significant Proportion ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Small Samples ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Plot Size ◽

Discernible Effect ◽

Mean Weight Diameter ◽

Plot Area ◽

Simulated Rain ◽

Stable Material

When small samples are wetted by simulated rain, a significant proportion of the sample may be lost over the plot boundary as splash, and the relative importance of this edge effect will increase as plot size is reduced. Because there are considerable practical advantages in using plots as small as possible, it is important to determine the smallest plot sizes that will give results unaffected by splash losses. Therefore, this study considered effects of the size of plot exposed to simulated rain on size distributions of particles (aggregates and sand grains, with no distinction made between them) in the surface seal layer. Reducing the areas of square plots from 0.81 to 0.36 m2 had no discernible effect on size distributions in the surface seal layer, but for one of the three soils for which it was tested, a reduction of plot area to 0.09 m2 gave a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the proportion of particles <125 �m in the surface seal layer, and a corresponding significant reduction in the Mean Weight Diameter of particles in the same layer. Therefore, the use of plots of 0.09 m2 is considered to be only marginal in its acceptability, and a minimum plot area of approximately 0.36 m2 is recommended, and is generally preferable as it allows sufficient plot area for both sampling of the surface and any other measurement of surface properties that is required.

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