Cognitive engagement in emotional text reading: concurrent recordings of eye movements and head motion

This study aims to determine the effect of using skimming techniques and describe the use of skimming techniques in understanding the reading content of elementary students. This study uses the System Literature Review (SLR) research method. From the results of several studies that have been successfully reviewed, it shows that the use of skimming techniques in understanding reading content is the right technique to use in understanding reading content because skimming techniques can increase students' knowledge of reading more. The use of skimming techniques can be done in the first way, having questions to look for, reading book titles and subtitles, reading with rapid eye movements, understanding sentences in the reading, then being able to draw conclusions. Based on the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that the use of skimming techniques has a very good effect on students 'reading comprehension and can be an alternative or method to help improve reading content comprehension and broaden students' knowledge.

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Incremental comprehension of pitch relationships in written music: Evidence from eye movements

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/17470218.2017.1307861 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

pp. 211-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lauren V Hadley ◽

Patrick Sturt ◽

Tuomas Eerola ◽

Martin J Pickering

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Sight Reading ◽

Harmonic Structure ◽

Movement Behaviour ◽

Prior Context ◽

Concurrent Performance ◽

Text Reading ◽

Processing Difficulty ◽

Structural Processing

To investigate how proficient pianists comprehend pitch relationships in written music when they first encounter it, we conducted two experiments in which proficient pianists’ eyes were tracked while they read and played single-line melodies. In Experiment 1, participants played at their own speed; in Experiment 2, they played with an external metronome. The melodies were either congruent or anomalous, with the anomaly involving one bar being shifted in pitch to alter the implied harmonic structure (e.g. non-resolution of a dominant). In both experiments, anomaly led to rapid disruption in participants’ eye movements in terms of regressions from the target bar, indicating that pianists process written pitch relationships online. This is particularly striking because in musical sight-reading, eye movement behaviour is constrained by the concurrent performance. Both experiments also showed that anomaly induced pupil dilation. Together, these results indicate that proficient pianists rapidly integrate the music that they read into the prior context and that anomalies in terms of pitch relationships lead to processing difficulty. These findings parallel those of text reading, suggesting that structural processing involves similar constraints across domains.

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Vestibuloocular Reflex Dynamics During High-Frequency and High-Acceleration Rotations of the Head on Body in Rhesus Monkey

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.2002.88.1.13 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 13-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Marko Huterer ◽

Kathleen E. Cullen

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

High Frequency ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Head Motion ◽

Similar Response ◽

Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Response Dynamics ◽

Passive Rotation

For frequencies >10 Hz, the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) has been primarily investigated during passive rotations of the head on the body in humans. These prior studies suggest that eye movements lag head movements, as predicted by a 7-ms delay in the VOR reflex pathways. However, Minor and colleagues recently applied whole-body rotations of frequencies ≤15 Hz in monkeys and found that eye movements were nearly in phase with head motion across all frequencies. The goal of the present study was to determine whether VOR response dynamics actually differ significantly for whole-body versus head-on-body rotations. To address this question, we evaluated the gain and phase of the VOR induced by high-frequency oscillations of the head on the body in monkeys by directly measuring both head and eye movements using the magnetic search coil technique. A torque motor was used to rotate the heads of three Rhesus monkeys over the frequency range 5–25 Hz. Peak head velocity was held constant, first at ±50°/s and then ±100°/s. The VOR was found to be essentially compensatory across all frequencies; gains were near unity (1.1 at 5 Hz vs. 1.2 at 25 Hz), and phase lag increased only slightly with frequency (from 2° at 5 Hz to 11° at 25 Hz, a marked contrast to the 63° lag at 25 Hz predicted by a 7-ms VOR latency). Furthermore, VOR response dynamics were comparable in darkness and when viewing a target and did not vary with peak velocity. Although monkeys offered less resistance to the initial cycles of applied head motion, the gain and phase of the VOR did not vary for early versus late cycles, suggesting that an efference copy of the motor command to the neck musculature did not alter VOR response dynamics. In addition, VOR dynamics were also probed by applying transient head perturbations with much greater accelerations (peak acceleration >15,000°/s2) than have been previously employed. The VOR latency was between 5 and 6 ms, and mean gain was close to unity for two of the three animals tested. A simple linear model well described the VOR responses elicited by sinusoidal and transient head on body rotations. We conclude that the VOR is compensatory over a wide frequency range in monkeys and has similar response dynamics during passive rotation of the head on body as during passive rotation of the whole body in space.

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Does visual attention span relate to eye movements during reading and copying?

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/0165025413509046 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 81-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Marie-Line Bosse ◽

Sonia Kandel ◽

Chloé Prado ◽

Sylviane Valdois

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Visual Attention ◽

Reading Skills ◽

Attention Span ◽

Text Reading ◽

Eye Movements During Reading

This research investigated whether text reading and copying involve visual attention-processing skills. Children in grades 3 and 5 read and copied the same text. We measured eye movements while reading and the number of gaze lifts (GL) during copying. The children were also administered letter report tasks that constitute an estimation of the number of letters that are processed simultaneously. The tasks were designed to assess visual attention span abilities (VA). The results for both grades revealed that the children who reported more letters, i.e., processed more consonants in parallel, produced fewer rightward fixations during text reading suggesting they could process more letters at each fixation. They also copied more letters per gaze lift from the same text. Furthermore, a regression analysis showed that VA span predicted variations in copying independently of the influence of reading skills. The findings support a role of VA span abilities in the early extraction of orthographic information, for both reading and copying tasks.

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Two distinct types of eye-head coupling in freely moving mice

10.1101/2020.02.20.957712 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Arne F. Meyer ◽

John O’Keefe ◽

Jasper Poort

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Ground Plane ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Head Tilt ◽

Head Rotation ◽

Head Movements ◽

Head Motion ◽

List Type ◽

Visually Guided ◽

Freely Moving

SummaryAnimals actively interact with their environment to gather sensory information. There is conflicting evidence about how mice use vision to sample their environment. During head restraint, mice make rapid eye movements strongly coupled between the eyes, similar to conjugate saccadic eye movements in humans. However, when mice are free to move their heads, eye movement patterns are more complex and often non-conjugate, with the eyes moving in opposite directions. Here, we combined eye tracking with head motion measurements in freely moving mice and found that both observations can be explained by the existence of two distinct types of coupling between eye and head movements. The first type comprised non-conjugate eye movements which systematically compensated for changes in head tilt to maintain approximately the same visual field relative to the horizontal ground plane. The second type of eye movements were conjugate and coupled to head yaw rotation to produce a “saccade and fixate” gaze pattern. During head initiated saccades, the eyes moved together in the same direction as the head, but during subsequent fixation moved in the opposite direction to the head to compensate for head rotation. This “saccade and fixate” pattern is similar to that seen in humans who use eye movements (with or without head movement) to rapidly shift gaze but in mice relies on combined eye and head movements. Indeed, the two types of eye movements very rarely occurred in the absence of head movements. Even in head-restrained mice, eye movements were invariably associated with attempted head motion. Both types of eye-head coupling were seen in freely moving mice during social interactions and a visually-guided object tracking task. Our results reveal that mice use a combination of head and eye movements to sample their environment and highlight the similarities and differences between eye movements in mice and humans.HighlightsTracking of eyes and head in freely moving mice reveals two types of eye-head couplingEye/head tilt coupling aligns gaze to horizontal planeRotational eye and head coupling produces a “saccade and fixate” gaze pattern with head leading the eyeBoth types of eye-head coupling are maintained during visually-guided behaviorsEye movements in head-restrained mice are related to attempted head movements

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Does Extra Interletter Spacing Help Text Reading in Skilled Adult Readers?

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2016.28 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Manuel Perea ◽

Lourdes Giner ◽

Ana Marcet ◽

Pablo Gomez

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Word Recognition ◽

Present Experiment ◽

Reading Test ◽

Adult Readers ◽

Subject Design ◽

Fixation Durations ◽

Facilitative Role ◽

Text Reading ◽

Standardized Reading Test

AbstractA number of experiments have shown that, in skilled adult readers, a small increase in interletter spacing speeds up the process of visual word recognition relative to the default settings (i.e., judge faster than judge). The goal of the present experiment was to examine whether this effect can be generalized to a more ecological scenario: text reading. Each participant read two stories (367 words each) taken from a standardized reading test. The stories were presented with the standard interletter spacing or with a small increase in interletter spacing (+1.2 points to default) in a within-subject design. An eyetracker was used to register the participants’ eye movements. Comprehension scores were also examined. Results showed that, on average, fixation durations were shorter while reading the text with extra spacing than while reading the text with the default settings (237 vs. 245 ms, respectively; η2 =. 41, p = .01). However, the number of fixations (while nonsignificant) was slightly higher in the text with extra spacing than in the text with the default spacing, and cancelled out the effect of interletter spacing in total reading times (F < 1). Comprehension scores were similar in the two spacing conditions (F < 1). Thus, at least for skilled adult readers, interletter spacing does not seem to play a consistently facilitative role during text reading.

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Neural basis for motor learning in the vestibuloocular reflex of primates. I. Changes in the responses of brain stem neurons

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1994.72.2.928 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 928-953 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

S. G. Lisberger ◽

T. A. Pavelko ◽

D. M. Broussard

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Motor Learning ◽

Firing Rate ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Head Rotation ◽

Head Motion ◽

Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Ventral Paraflocculus ◽

The Brain

1. We recorded from neurons in the brain stem of monkeys before and after they had worn magnifying or miniaturizing spectacles to cause changes in the gain of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). The gain of the VOR was estimated as eye speed divided by head speed during passive horizontal head rotation in darkness. Electrical stimulation in the cerebellum was used to identify neurons that receive inhibition at monosynaptic latencies from the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus (flocculus target neurons or FTNs). Cells were studied during smooth pursuit eye movements with the head stationary, fixation of different positions, cancellation of the VOR, and the VOR evoked by rapid changes in head velocity. 2. FTNs were divided into two populations according to their responses during pursuit with the head stationary. The two groups showed increased firing during smooth eye motion toward the side of recording (Eye-ipsiversive or E-i) or away from the side of recording (Eye-contraversive or E-c). A higher percentage of FTNs showed increased firing rate for contraversive pursuit when the gain of the VOR was high (> or = 1.6) than when the gain of the VOR was low (< or = 0.4). 3. Changes in the gain of the VOR had a striking effect on the responses during the VOR for the FTNs that were E-c during pursuit with the head stationary. Firing rate increased during contraversive VOR eye movements when the gain of the VOR was high or normal and decreased during contraversive VOR eye movements when the gain of the VOR was low. Changes in the gain of the VOR caused smaller changes in the responses during the VOR of FTNs that were E-i during pursuit with the head stationary. We argue that motor learning in the VOR is the result of changes in the responses of individual FTNs. 4. The responses of E-i and E-c FTNS during cancellation of the VOR depended on the gain of the VOR. Responses tended to be in phase with contraversive head motion when the gain of the VOR was low and in phase with ipsiversive head motion when the gain of the VOR was high. Comparison of the effect of motor learning on the responses of FTNs during cancellation of the VOR with the results of similar experiments on horizontal-gaze velocity Purkinje cells in the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus suggests that the brain stem vestibular inputs to FTNs are one site of motor learning in the VOR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Eye Movements and Visual-Vestibular Interactions during Linear Head Motion

The Head-Neck Sensory Motor System ◽

10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195068207.003.0075 ◽

1992 ◽

pp. 479-482

Author(s):

Gary D. Paige ◽

David L. Tomko

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Head Motion

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Anticipatory VOR Suppression Induced by Visual and Nonvisual Stimuli in Humans

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00611.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 1501-1511 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. R. Barnes ◽

G. D. Paige

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Visual Target ◽

Head Motion ◽

Vestibuloocular Reflex ◽

Fixed Target ◽

Target Movement ◽

Anticipatory Eye Movements ◽

Predictive Behavior ◽

Anticipatory Smooth Eye Movements

We compared the predictive behavior of smooth pursuit (SP) and suppression of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in humans by examining anticipatory smooth eye movements, a phenomenon that arises after repeated presentations of sudden target movement preceded by an auditory warning cue. We investigated whether anticipatory smooth eye movements also occur prior to cued head motion, particularly when subjects expect interaction between the VOR and either real or imagined head-fixed targets. Subjects were presented with horizontal motion stimuli consisting of a visual target alone (SP), head motion in darkness (VOR), or head motion in the presence of a real or imagined head-fixed target (HFT and IHFT, respectively). Stimulus sequences were delivered as single cycles of a velocity sinusoid (frequency: 0.5 or 1.0 Hz) that were either cued (a sound cue 400 ms earlier) or noncued. For SP, anticipatory smooth eye movements developed over repeated trials in the cued, but not the noncued, condition. In the VOR condition, no such anticipatory eye movements were observed even when cued. In contrast, anticipatory responses were observed under cued, but not noncued, HFT and IHFT conditions, as for SP. Anticipatory HFT responses increased in proportion to the velocity of preceding stimuli. In general, anticipatory gaze responses were similar in cued SP, HFT, and IHFT conditions and were appropriate for expected target motion in space. Anticipatory responses may represent the output of a central mechanism for smooth-eye-movement generation that operates during predictive SP as well as VOR modulations that are linked with SP even in the absence of real visual targets.

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