Attention to local form information can prevent access to semantic information

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice E. Murray ◽  
Craig Jones
Keyword(s):  
Line Segment ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
High Load ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Local Form ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Form Information

Humphreys and Boucart (1997) have shown that when processing of local form is required for response, surrounding global information is automatically processed to a semantic level. The generality of this effect was investigated in two experiments in which the perceptual load of the relevant local form information was manipulated, as was uncertainty about perceptual load. Participants attended to a single line segment inside a picture of an animal or a vehicle and then decided which of two pictures in the target/distractor display that followed contained a line segment that matched the first in orientation. The perceptual load of the relevant local form information was either low (the matching line segment was one of the solitary line segments presented in the centre of the target and distractor pictures), or high (the matching line segment was part of one of the solitary letters presented in the centre of the target and distractor pictures). The semantic relations among the pictures were manipulated, and when perceptual load remained constant across trials, semantic relations affected performance in the low-load but not in the high-load condition. When perceptual load varied from trial to trial, there was no evidence of any semantic processing on either low- or high-load trials. The results suggest that in form-matching tasks, attentional priority can be given to local information, thus preventing access to semantic information derived from global shape. They further suggest that the distribution of attention is not dictated entirely by the actual perceptual demands of the relevant stimulus, indicating an important role for top-down processing.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological Evidence for Both Perceptual and Postperceptual Selection during the Attentional Blink

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2005-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Giesbrecht ◽  
Jocelyn L. Sy ◽  
James C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Complete Suppression ◽  
Context Word ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Context Sensitive

When two masked targets are presented in rapid succession, correct identification of the first target (T1) leads to a dramatic impairment in identification of the second target (T2). Several studies of this so-called attentional blink (AB) phenomenon have provided behavioral and physiological evidence that T2 is processed to the semantic level, despite the profound impairment in T2 report. These findings have been interpreted as an example of perception without awareness and have been explained by models that assume that T2 is processed extensively even though it does not gain access into consciousness. The present study reports two experiments that test this assumption. In Experiment 1, the perceptual load of the T1 task was manipulated and T2 was a word that was either related or unrelated to a context word presented at the beginning of each trial. The event-related potential (ERP) technique was used to isolate the context-sensitive N400 component evoked by the T2 word. The ERP data revealed that there was a complete suppression of the N400 during the AB when the perceptual load was high, but not when perceptual load was low. Experiment 2 replicated the high-load condition of Experiment 1 while ruling out two alternative explanations for the reduction of the N400 during the AB. The results of both experiments demonstrate that word meanings are not always accessed during the AB and are consistent with studies that suggest that attention can act to select information at multiple stages of processing depending on concurrent task demands.

scholarly journals The impact of multisensory integration and perceptual load in virtual reality settings on performance, workload and presence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Marucci ◽  
Gianluca Di Flumeri ◽  
Gianluca Borghini ◽  
Nicolina Sciaraffa ◽  
Michele Scandola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
High Load ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Nasa Task Load Index ◽  
The Impact

AbstractReal-world experience is typically multimodal. Evidence indicates that the facilitation in the detection of multisensory stimuli is modulated by the perceptual load, the amount of information involved in the processing of the stimuli. Here, we used a realistic virtual reality environment while concomitantly acquiring Electroencephalography (EEG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) to investigate how multisensory signals impact target detection in two conditions, high and low perceptual load. Different multimodal stimuli (auditory and vibrotactile) were presented, alone or in combination with the visual target. Results showed that only in the high load condition, multisensory stimuli significantly improve performance, compared to visual stimulation alone. Multisensory stimulation also decreases the EEG-based workload. Instead, the perceived workload, according to the “NASA Task Load Index” questionnaire, was reduced only by the trimodal condition (i.e., visual, auditory, tactile). This trimodal stimulation was more effective in enhancing the sense of presence, that is the feeling of being in the virtual environment, compared to the bimodal or unimodal stimulation. Also, we show that in the high load task, the GSR components are higher compared to the low load condition. Finally, the multimodal stimulation (Visual-Audio-Tactile—VAT and Visual-Audio—VA) induced a significant decrease in latency, and a significant increase in the amplitude of the P300 potentials with respect to the unimodal (visual) and visual and tactile bimodal stimulation, suggesting a faster and more effective processing and detection of stimuli if auditory stimulation is included. Overall, these findings provide insights into the relationship between multisensory integration and human behavior and cognition.

The time-course of morphosyntactic and semantic priming in late bilinguals: A study of German adjectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
SINA BOSCH ◽  
HELENA KRAUSE ◽  
ALINA LEMINEN
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Spatially Extended

How do late proficient bilinguals process morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic information in their non-native language (L2)? How is this information represented in the L2 mental lexicon? And what are the neural signatures of L2 morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic processing? We addressed these questions in one behavioral and two ERP priming experiments on inflected German adjectives testing a group of advanced late Russian learners of German in comparison to native speaker (L1) controls. While in the behavioral experiment, the L2 learners performed native-like, the ERP data revealed clear L1/L2 differences with respect to the temporal dynamics of grammatical processing. Specifically, our results show that L2 morphosyntactic processing yielded temporally and spatially extended brain responses relative to L1 processing, indicating that grammatical processing of inflected words in an L2 is more demanding and less automatic than in the L1. However, this group of advanced L2 learners showed native-like lexical-semantic processing.

Semantic Labeling of Chinese Special Sentence Patterns Based on Automation Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 427-429 ◽  
pp. 1649-1652
Author(s):  
Bo Chen ◽  
Chen Lv ◽  
Dong Hong Ji
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Undirected Graph ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Structure Theory ◽  
Dependency Structure ◽  
Semantic Labeling ◽  
Feature Structure ◽  
Sentence Patterns ◽  
Automation Technology ◽  
Novel Model

Parsing Chinese is a key issue in NLP. Many controversies arise from Chinese special sentence patterns. This paper puts forward a novel model Feature Structure theory to resolve the semantic labeling of Chinese special sentence patterns. We analyze the difficulties in annotating these sentences, and compare Feature Structure with dependency structure. Feature Structure represents more semantic information and more semantic relations. Feature Graph is a recursive undirected graph, allows nesting and multiple correlations.

On twittizens and city residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Tarasova ◽  
Natalia Beliaeva
Keyword(s):  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Experimental Findings

Abstract The present study analyses native speaker perceptions of the differences in the semantic structure of compounds and blends to specify whether the formal differences between compounds and blends are reflected on the semantic level. Viewpoints on blending vary, with some researchers considering it to be an instance of compounding (Kubozono, 1990), while others identify blending as an interim word formation mechanism between compounding and shortening (López Rúa, 2004). The semantic characteristics of English determinative blends and N+N subordinative compounds are compared by evaluating the differences in native speakers’ perceptions of the semantic relationships between constituents of the analysed structures. The results of two web-based experiments demonstrate that readers’ interpretations of both compounds and blends differ in terms of lexical indicators of semantic relations between the elements of these units. The experimental findings indicate that language users’ interpretation of both compounds and blends includes information on semantic relationships. The differences in the effect of the semantic relations on interpretations is likely to be connected to the degree of formal transparency of these units.

Hunger is suppressed after resistance exercise with moderate-load compared to high-load resistance exercise: the potential influence of metabolic and autonomic parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Conrado Freitas ◽  
Valéria Leme Gonçalves Panissa ◽  
Sabrina Alves Lenquiste ◽  
Fernanda de Maria Serra ◽  
Caique Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Autonomic Modulation ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Moderate Load

The purpose of present study was to compare the effects of moderate-load versus high-load resistance exercise (RE) on hunger response, blood lactate, glucose, and autonomic modulation in trained men, and to examine the correlations between these parameters. For this, 11 recreationally resistance-trained males performed 2 randomized trials: moderate-load (6 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a 90-s rest interval between sets) and high-load (6 sets at 90% 1RM and a 180-s rest interval between sets) leg-press exercise until movement failure. The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Glucose and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 30 min after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The moderate-load condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the strength condition immediately after exercise (19.7 ± 16.6 vs 47.3 ± 27.7 mm), 30 min after exercise (33.6 ± 22.9 vs 58.5 ± 29.9 mm), and 60 min after exercise (43.8 ± 26.6 vs 67.8 ± 27.9 mm) (p < 0.05) and lower area under the curve hunger in relation to the high-load condition (p < 0.006). Moderate-load RE presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to high-load RE (p < 0.05), but no difference was found in glucose, as well as no correlations between any of the variables investigated. In conclusion, moderate-load RE induced lower subjective hunger ratings, slower recovery of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher lactate concentration in relation to high-load RE, but the metabolic variables were not correlated with hunger suppression.

scholarly journals Monitoring Pilot’s Mental Workload Using ERPs and Spectral Power with a Six-Dry-Electrode EEG System in Real Flight Conditions

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Dehais ◽  
Alban Duprès ◽  
Sarah Blum ◽  
Nicolas Drougard ◽  
Sébastien Scannella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
High Load ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Dry Electrode ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Frequency Features

Recent technological progress has allowed the development of low-cost and highly portable brain sensors such as pre-amplified dry-electrodes to measure cognitive activity out of the laboratory. This technology opens promising perspectives to monitor the “brain at work” in complex real-life situations such as while operating aircraft. However, there is a need to benchmark these sensors in real operational conditions. We therefore designed a scenario in which twenty-two pilots equipped with a six-dry-electrode EEG system had to perform one low load and one high load traffic pattern along with a passive auditory oddball. In the low load condition, the participants were monitoring the flight handled by a flight instructor, whereas they were flying the aircraft in the high load condition. At the group level, statistical analyses disclosed higher P300 amplitude for the auditory target (Pz, P4 and Oz electrodes) along with higher alpha band power (Pz electrode), and higher theta band power (Oz electrode) in the low load condition as compared to the high load one. Single trial classification accuracy using both event-related potentials and event-related frequency features at the same time did not exceed chance level to discriminate the two load conditions. However, when considering only the frequency features computed over the continuous signal, classification accuracy reached around 70% on average. This study demonstrates the potential of dry-EEG to monitor cognition in a highly ecological and noisy environment, but also reveals that hardware improvement is still needed before it can be used for everyday flight operations.

Perceptual Load Improves the Expression but not Learning of Relevant Sequence Information

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natacha Deroost ◽  
Daphné Coomans ◽  
Eric Soetens
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
High Load ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Load Conditions

In two experiments, we investigated the hypothesis of Rowland and Shanks (2006a) that sequence learning of relevant information is resistant to variations in perceptual load. Under conditions of increased selection difficulty, participants incidentally learned a sequence of targets presented together with three distractors. Target and distractors were composed of pairs of letters and shared more or less features with each other, rendering perceptual identification of the target either more (high load) or less (low load) attention demanding. The expression of sequence learning improved significantly under high load conditions as compared to low load conditions. This could indicate that the cognitive system promotes the development of response-based sequence learning in order to cope with the attentional demands arising from high perceptual load. However, the learning process proved to be unaffected by perceptual load when tested under baseline conditions without distractors (Experiment 1) or under opposite load conditions as during training (Experiment 2). This demonstrates that sequence learning is not influenced by increasing selection demands and suggests that sequence learning runs independently of input attention.

The Automaticity of Affordance of Dangerous Object

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Target Letter ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
High Load ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Letter Identification ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Dangerous Object ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
The Right

AbstractObjects observation automatically elicits the activation of a reach-to-grasp response specifically directed to interact with the object, which is termed affordance. Murphy, van Velzen, and de Fockert (2012) found that only when an irrelevant object receives sufficient attention, it can potentiate an action. However, it remains unclear whether the dangerous object would afford an action when it receives insufficient attention. In this study, we manipulated the perceptual load in a letter identification task. Participants were required to identify a target letter with the right or left hand while ignoring a neutral or dangerous graspable object. The target letter was presented either on its own (low perceptual load), alongside five non-target letters (high load), or alongside eight non-target letters (super high load). Under the low perceptual load, for both neutral and dangerous object, responses were faster when the action afforded by the ignored object was congruent (vs. incongruent) with the current target response (t(27) = 4.44, p < .001; t(27) = 7.99, p < .001, respectively). However, during the high perceptual load, for dangerous object, responses were slower when the action afforded by the ignored object was congruent (vs. incongruent) with the current target response (t(27) = 4.97, p < .001). There was not any effect for both neutral object and dangerous object under super high perceptual load. These results suggest the affordance of dangerous object is also sensitive to the perceptual load. An irrelevant dangerous object can’t potentiate an action if it receives insufficient attention.

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