scholarly journals The calculus of language: explicit representation of emergent linguistic structure through type-theoretical paradigms

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-590
Author(s):  
Juan Luis Gastaldi ◽  
Luc Pellissier
Keyword(s):  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms

Radical Islamism as a Mode of Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-108
Author(s):  
Masdar Hilmy
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Production Theory ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Dominant Structure ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Theoretical Paradigms ◽  
Epistemological Basis ◽  
Mode Of Production

This article attempts to provide a breakthrough which I call mode of production theory. This theory will be employed to analyze the contemporary phenomenon of radical Islamism. The mode of production theory is meant to bridge the two clashing theoretical paradigms in social sciences and humanities, i.e., Weberian and Marxian. Despite its bridging nature, the paper argues that the two cannot be merged within one single thread. This is because each paradigm has its own epistemological basis which is irreconcilable to one another. Mostly adapted from Marx’s theory, the current theory of the mode of production covers five interrelated aspects, namely social, political, economic, cultural, and symbolic structures. If Marx’s mode of production theory heavily relies on a material and economic basis, the theory used in this paper accommodates cultural and symbolic structures that are Weberian in nature. Although the two paradigms can operate together, the strength of structure (Marxian) overpowers the strength of culture (Weberian). This paper further argues that such cultural-based aspects as ideology, norms, and values play as mobilizing factors under a big schematic dominant structure in the rise and development of the radical Islamist groups.

scholarly journals On the explicit representation of the trace space $$H^{\frac{3}{2}}$$ and of the solutions to biharmonic Dirichlet problems on Lipschitz domains via multi-parameter Steklov problems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pier Domenico Lamberti ◽  
Luigi Provenzano
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Series ◽  
Dirichlet Problem ◽  
Lipschitz Domain ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Lipschitz Domains ◽  
Dirichlet Problems ◽  
Trace Space ◽  
In Series ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractWe consider the problem of describing the traces of functions in $$H^2(\Omega )$$ H 2 ( Ω ) on the boundary of a Lipschitz domain $$\Omega $$ Ω of $$\mathbb R^N$$ R N , $$N\ge 2$$ N ≥ 2 . We provide a definition of those spaces, in particular of $$H^{\frac{3}{2}}(\partial \Omega )$$ H 3 2 ( ∂ Ω ) , by means of Fourier series associated with the eigenfunctions of new multi-parameter biharmonic Steklov problems which we introduce with this specific purpose. These definitions coincide with the classical ones when the domain is smooth. Our spaces allow to represent in series the solutions to the biharmonic Dirichlet problem. Moreover, a few spectral properties of the multi-parameter biharmonic Steklov problems are considered, as well as explicit examples. Our approach is similar to that developed by G. Auchmuty for the space $$H^1(\Omega )$$ H 1 ( Ω ) , based on the classical second order Steklov problem.

scholarly journals Secondary Science Teachers’ Views on Environmental Citizenship in The Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7963
Author(s):  
Michiel van Harskamp ◽  
Marie-Christine P. J. Knippels ◽  
Wouter R. van Joolingen
Keyword(s):  
Science Teachers ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Secondary Science ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Secondary Science Teachers ◽  
Environmental Citizenship ◽  
Teacher Professional

Environmental Citizenship (EC) is a promising aim for science education. EC enables people not only to responsibly make decisions on sustainability issues—such as use of renewable energy sources—but also to take action individually and collectively. However, studies show that education for EC is challenging. Because our understanding of EC practice remains limited, an in-depth, qualitative view would help us better understand how to support science teachers during EC education. This study aims to describe current EC education practices. What do secondary science teachers think sustainability and citizenship entail? What are their experiences (both positive and negative) with education for EC? A total of 41 Dutch science teachers were interviewed in an individual, face-to-face setting. Analysis of the coded transcripts shows that most teachers see the added value of EC but struggle to fully implement it in their teaching. They think the curriculum is unsuitable to reach EC, and they see activities such as guiding discussions and opinion forming as challenging. Furthermore, science teachers’ interpretation of citizenship education remains narrow, thus making it unlikely that their lessons are successful in fostering EC. Improving EC education therefore may be supported by explicit representation in the curriculum and teacher professional development directed at its implementation.

scholarly journals Comparability of signed and spoken languages: Absolute and relative modality effects in cross-modal typology

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-562
Author(s):  
Ulrike Zeshan ◽  
Nick Palfreyman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Modality Effects ◽  
Inductive Approach

AbstractThis article sets out a conceptual framework and typology of modality effects in the comparison of signed and spoken languages. This is essential for a theory of cross-modal typology. We distinguish between relative modality effects, where a linguistic structure is markedly more common in one modality than in the other, and absolute modality effects, where a structure does not occur in one of the modalities at all. Using examples from a wide variety of sign languages, we discuss examples at the levels of phonology, morphology (including numerals, negation, and aspect) and semantics. At the phonological level, the issue of iconically motivated sub-lexical components in signs, and parallels with sound symbolism in spoken languages, is particularly pertinent. Sensory perception metaphors serve as an example for semantic comparison across modalities. Advocating an inductive approach to cross-modal comparison, we discuss analytical challenges in defining what is comparable across the signed and spoken modalities, and in carrying out such comparisons in a rigorous and empirically substantiated way.

scholarly journals Pattern discovery and disentanglement on relational datasets

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. C. Wong ◽  
Pei-Yuan Zhou ◽  
Zahid A. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Pattern Discovery ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Source Level ◽  
Low Volume

AbstractMachine Learning has made impressive advances in many applications akin to human cognition for discernment. However, success has been limited in the areas of relational datasets, particularly for data with low volume, imbalanced groups, and mislabeled cases, with outputs that typically lack transparency and interpretability. The difficulties arise from the subtle overlapping and entanglement of functional and statistical relations at the source level. Hence, we have developed Pattern Discovery and Disentanglement System (PDD), which is able to discover explicit patterns from the data with various sizes, imbalanced groups, and screen out anomalies. We present herein four case studies on biomedical datasets to substantiate the efficacy of PDD. It improves prediction accuracy and facilitates transparent interpretation of discovered knowledge in an explicit representation framework PDD Knowledge Base that links the sources, the patterns, and individual patients. Hence, PDD promises broad and ground-breaking applications in genomic and biomedical machine learning.

Optimization of morpheme length: a cross-linguistic assessment of Zipf’s and Menzerath’s laws

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (s3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Stave ◽  
Ludger Paschen ◽  
François Pellegrino ◽  
Frank Seifart
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Linguistic Assessment ◽  
Linguistic Units

Abstract Zipf’s Law of Abbreviation and Menzerath’s Law both make predictions about the length of linguistic units, based on corpus frequency and the length of the carrier unit. Each contributes to the efficiency of languages: for Zipf, units are more likely to be reduced when they are highly predictable, due to their frequency; for Menzerath, units are more likely to be reduced when there are more sub-units to contribute to the structural information of the carrier unit. However, it remains unclear how the two laws work together in determining unit length at a given level of linguistic structure. We examine this question regarding the length of morphemes in spoken corpora of nine typologically diverse languages drawn from the DoReCo corpus, showing that Zipf’s Law is a stronger predictor, but that the two laws interact with one another. We also explore how this is affected by specific typological characteristics, such as morphological complexity.

scholarly journals A Reflection of Thai Culture in Thai Plant Names

MANUSYA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Unchalee Singnoi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Plant Taxonomy ◽  
Folk Taxonomy ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Thai Language ◽  
Plant Names ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Cognition And Culture ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Thai Culture

The present study focuses on the plant naming system in the Thai language based on 1) Brent Berlin’s general principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional societies (Berlin, 1974, 1992) which suggest that it is worthwhile to think about a plant taxonomy system on the basis of plant names since the names provide the valid key to folk taxonomy and 2) Lakoff’s central guiding principles of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003 and Lakoff 1987). Data on plant names collected from printed materials are selectively analyzed. The study examines the linguistic structure, folk taxonomy and conceptualization of plant terms in the Thai language. It is found that there exists in the Thai language a complex and practical plant naming system establishing a relationship between language, cognition and culture.

THE APPLICATION OF PETRI NETS TO WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT

1998 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. P. VAN DER AALST
Keyword(s):  
Petri Nets ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Workflow Management ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The One

Workflow management promises a new solution to an age-old problem: controlling, monitoring, optimizing and supporting business processes. What is new about workflow management is the explicit representation of the business process logic which allows for computerized support. This paper discusses the use of Petri nets in the context of workflow management. Petri nets are an established tool for modeling and analyzing processes. On the one hand, Petri nets can be used as a design language for the specification of complex workflows. On the other hand, Petri net theory provides for powerful analysis techniques which can be used to verify the correctness of workflow procedures. This paper introduces workflow management as an application domain for Petri nets, presents state-of-the-art results with respect to the verification of workflows, and highlights some Petri-net-based workflow tools.

scholarly journals Speech rhythm: a metaphor?

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1658) ◽  
pp. 20130396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Nolan ◽  
Hae-Sung Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Traditional View ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Speech Rhythm ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Linguistic Functions ◽  
Absence Of Evidence ◽  
Metaphorical Extension ◽  
Analogical Process

Is speech rhythmic? In the absence of evidence for a traditional view that languages strive to coordinate either syllables or stress-feet with regular time intervals, we consider the alternative that languages exhibit contrastive rhythm subsisting merely in the alternation of stronger and weaker elements. This is initially plausible, particularly for languages with a steep ‘prominence gradient’, i.e. a large disparity between stronger and weaker elements; but we point out that alternation is poorly achieved even by a ‘stress-timed’ language such as English, and, historically, languages have conspicuously failed to adopt simple phonological remedies that would ensure alternation. Languages seem more concerned to allow ‘syntagmatic contrast’ between successive units and to use durational effects to support linguistic functions than to facilitate rhythm. Furthermore, some languages (e.g. Tamil, Korean) lack the lexical prominence which would most straightforwardly underpin prominence of alternation. We conclude that speech is not incontestibly rhythmic, and may even be antirhythmic. However, its linguistic structure and patterning allow the metaphorical extension of rhythm in varying degrees and in different ways depending on the language, and it is this analogical process which allows speech to be matched to external rhythms.

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