scholarly journals Speech rhythm: a metaphor?

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1658) ◽  
pp. 20130396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Nolan ◽  
Hae-Sung Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Traditional View ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Speech Rhythm ◽  
Linguistic Structure ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Linguistic Functions ◽  
Absence Of Evidence ◽  
Metaphorical Extension ◽  
Analogical Process

Is speech rhythmic? In the absence of evidence for a traditional view that languages strive to coordinate either syllables or stress-feet with regular time intervals, we consider the alternative that languages exhibit contrastive rhythm subsisting merely in the alternation of stronger and weaker elements. This is initially plausible, particularly for languages with a steep ‘prominence gradient’, i.e. a large disparity between stronger and weaker elements; but we point out that alternation is poorly achieved even by a ‘stress-timed’ language such as English, and, historically, languages have conspicuously failed to adopt simple phonological remedies that would ensure alternation. Languages seem more concerned to allow ‘syntagmatic contrast’ between successive units and to use durational effects to support linguistic functions than to facilitate rhythm. Furthermore, some languages (e.g. Tamil, Korean) lack the lexical prominence which would most straightforwardly underpin prominence of alternation. We conclude that speech is not incontestibly rhythmic, and may even be antirhythmic. However, its linguistic structure and patterning allow the metaphorical extension of rhythm in varying degrees and in different ways depending on the language, and it is this analogical process which allows speech to be matched to external rhythms.

Processing and Excellent Oxidation Resistance of Nanocrystalline Fe-Cr Alloys

2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 1122-1125
Author(s):  
Rajeev K. Gupta ◽  
B.V. Mahesh ◽  
R.K. Singh Raman ◽  
Carl C. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nanocrystalline Alloy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Protective Oxide ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Energy Ball

Nanocrystalline and microcrystalline Fe-10Cr alloys were prepared by high energy ball milling followed by compaction and sintering, and then oxidized in air for 52 hours at 400°C. The oxidation resistance of nanocrystalline Fe-10Cr alloy as determined by measuring the weight gain after regular time intervals was compared with that of the microcrystalline alloy of same chemical composition (also prepared by the same processing route and oxidized under identical conditions). Oxidation resistance of nanocrystalline Fe10Cr alloy was found to be in excess of an order of magnitude superior than that of microcrystalline Fe10Cr alloy. The paper also presents results of secondary ion mass spectrometry of oxidized samples of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline Fe-Cr alloys, evidencing the formation of a more protective oxide scale in the nanocrystalline alloy.

A Method for Quantitative Analysis of the Kinematics of Fibroblast Migration in a Monolayer Wound Model

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Topman ◽  
Orna Sharabani-Yosef ◽  
Amit Gefen
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Wound Healing Assay ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Fibroblast Migration ◽  
Wound Model ◽  
Regular Time

A wound healing assay is simple but effective method to study cell migration in vitro. Cell migration in vitro was found to mimic migration in vivo to some extent [1,2]. In wound healing assays, a “wound” is created by either scraping or mechanically crushing cells in a monolayer, thereby forming a denuded area. Cells migrate into the denuded area to complete coverage, and thereby “heal” the wound. Micrographs at regular time intervals are captured during such experiments for analysis of the process of migration.

scholarly journals Using approximate Bayesian inference for a “steps and turns” continuous-time random walk observed at regular time intervals

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8452
Author(s):  
Sofia Ruiz-Suarez ◽  
Vianey Leos-Barajas ◽  
Ignacio Alvarez-Castro ◽  
Juan Manuel Morales
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

The study of animal movement is challenging because movement is a process modulated by many factors acting at different spatial and temporal scales. In order to describe and analyse animal movement, several models have been proposed which differ primarily in the temporal conceptualization, namely continuous and discrete time formulations. Naturally, animal movement occurs in continuous time but we tend to observe it at fixed time intervals. To account for the temporal mismatch between observations and movement decisions, we used a state-space model where movement decisions (steps and turns) are made in continuous time. That is, at any time there is a non-zero probability of making a change in movement direction. The movement process is then observed at regular time intervals. As the likelihood function of this state-space model turned out to be intractable yet simulating data is straightforward, we conduct inference using different variations of Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC). We explore the applicability of this approach as a function of the discrepancy between the temporal scale of the observations and that of the movement process in a simulation study. Simulation results suggest that the model parameters can be recovered if the observation time scale is moderately close to the average time between changes in movement direction. Good estimates were obtained when the scale of observation was up to five times that of the scale of changes in direction. We demonstrate the application of this model to a trajectory of a sheep that was reconstructed in high resolution using information from magnetometer and GPS devices. The state-space model used here allowed us to connect the scales of the observations and movement decisions in an intuitive and easy to interpret way. Our findings underscore the idea that the time scale at which animal movement decisions are made needs to be considered when designing data collection protocols. In principle, ABC methods allow to make inferences about movement processes defined in continuous time but in terms of easily interpreted steps and turns.

scholarly journals Automatic Target Acquisition and Bull Tracker using Gps and Gsm Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2776-2779
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Arduino Microcontroller

An efficient bull tracking system is designed and implemented for tracking the movement of any bull from any location at any time. The designed device works using GPS and GSM technology for bull tracking. Arduino microcontroller is used to control the GPS and GSM module. The device is embedded on a bull whose position is to be determined and tracked in real time. The microcontroller is used to control the GPS module to get the coordinates at regular time intervals. The GSM module is used to transmit the updated coordinates of bull location to the client via SMS and mobile application. When the SMS is received, the app will automatically read the SMS and update the location of the bull to the user. This device will help the user to always keep an eye on their bull.

scholarly journals Turning the body into a clock: Accurate timing is facilitated by simple stereotyped interactions with the environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (23) ◽  
pp. 13084-13093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Safaie ◽  
Maria-Teresa Jurado-Parras ◽  
Stefania Sarno ◽  
Jordane Louis ◽  
Corane Karoutchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Interval ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Timing Accuracy ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Moving Direction ◽  
Freely Moving

How animals adapt their behavior according to regular time intervals between events is not well understood, especially when intervals last several seconds. One possibility is that animals use disembodied internal neuronal representations of time to decide when to initiate a given action at the end of an interval. However, animals rarely remain immobile during time intervals but tend to perform stereotyped behaviors, raising the possibility that motor routines improve timing accuracy. To test this possibility, we used a task in which rats, freely moving on a motorized treadmill, could obtain a reward if they approached it after a fixed interval. Most animals took advantage of the treadmill length and its moving direction to develop, by trial-and-error, the same motor routine whose execution resulted in the precise timing of their reward approaches. Noticeably, when proficient animals did not follow this routine, their temporal accuracy decreased. Then, naïve animals were trained in modified versions of the task designed to prevent the development of this routine. Compared to rats trained in the first protocol, these animals didn’t reach a comparable level of timing accuracy. Altogether, our results indicate that timing accuracy in rats is improved when the environment affords cues that animals can incorporate into motor routines.

Studies in a Simulated Job Shop

1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Eilon ◽  
I. G. Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Job Shop ◽  
Batch Size ◽  
Due Dates ◽  
Operational Flexibility ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empirical Relationships ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
One Machine

The effectiveness of various scheduling or loading rules in a job shop has been widely studied through simulation, where a given shop can be subjected to alternative patterns of arrivals and processing. This study is particularly concerned with the case when arrivals are in batches, either of regular size or where the batch size is Poisson distributed, and when the batches arrive at regular time intervals, and certain empirical relationships between three loading rules are investigated. Two types of operational flexibility are examined, the first where more than one machine may perform a given operation and the second where changes in the sequence of operations are allowed, and the effect of such flexibilities on the expected job waiting time is determined. Finally, the effect of different procedures for determining due-dates for arriving jobs is investigated.

Corrigendum - Comparative breed studies of beef cattle. II. Changes in size and shape

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
NM Tulloh ◽  
JS Maritz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Experimental Group

A comparative growth study of changes in shape was made of Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, and beef Shorthorn cattle. In addition to recording body weight, 10 surface body measurements were made, at regular time intervals, on every animal in the experimental group. Changes and differences in shape were studied by examining the functional forms of the relationships between surface body measurements and body weight for every animal. The breed and sex differences presented in this paper have also been composed with a re-analysis of the limited data available from the literature, and in general the results are similar.

scholarly journals Time-lapse monitoring of fluid-induced geophysical property variations within an unstable earthwork using P-wave refraction

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. EN17-EN27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Bergamo ◽  
Ben Dashwood ◽  
Sebastian Uhlemann ◽  
Russell Swift ◽  
Jonathan E. Chambers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Lapse ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Seismic Properties ◽  
Wave Refraction ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Spatial Regularization

A significant portion of the UK’s transportation system relies on a network of geotechnical earthworks (cuttings and embankments) that were constructed more than 100 years ago, whose stability is affected by the change in precipitation patterns experienced over the past few decades. The vulnerability of these structures requires a reliable, cost- and time-effective monitoring of their geomechanical condition. We have assessed the potential application of P-wave refraction for tracking the seasonal variations of seismic properties within an aged clay-filled railway embankment, located in southwest England. Seismic data were acquired repeatedly along the crest of the earthwork at regular time intervals, for a total period of 16 months. P-wave first-break times were picked from all available recorded traces, to obtain a set of hodocrones referenced to the same spatial locations, for various dates along the surveyed period of time. Traveltimes extracted from each acquisition were then compared to track the pattern of their temporal variability. The relevance of such variations over time was compared with the data experimental uncertainty. The multiple set of hodocrones was subsequently inverted using a tomographic approach, to retrieve a time-lapse model of [Formula: see text] for the embankment structure. To directly compare the reconstructed [Formula: see text] sections, identical initial models and spatial regularization were used for the inversion of all available data sets. A consistent temporal trend for P-wave traveltimes, and consequently for the reconstructed [Formula: see text] models, was identified. This pattern could be related to the seasonal distribution of precipitation and soil-water content measured on site.

Thermal Investigation Into Power Multiplexing for Homogeneous Many-Core Processors

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Prakash Gupta ◽  
Minki Cho ◽  
Saibal Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Satish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Peak Temperature ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Many Core ◽  
Power Configuration

In this paper, a proactive thermal management technique called “power multiplexing” is explored for many-core processors. Power multiplexing involves redistribution of the locations of active cores at regular time intervals to obtain uniform thermal profile with low peak temperature. Three different migration policies namely random, cyclic, and global coolest replace have been employed for power multiplexing and their efficacy in reducing the peak temperature and thermal gradient on chip is investigated. For a given migration frequency, global coolest replace policy is found to be the most effective among the three policies considered as this policy provides 10 °C reduction in peak temperature and 20 °C reduction in maximum spatial temperature difference on a 256 core chip. Power configuration on the chip is characterized by a parameter called “proximity index” which emerges as an important parameter to represent the spatial power distribution on a chip. We also notice that the overall performance of the chip could be improved by 10% using global multiplexing.

Assessing the Validity of Near-Infrared Monochromator Calibrations over Time

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bouveresse ◽  
Chiara Casolino ◽  
Désiré-Luc Massart
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Near Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Infrared Data

A procedure to check the validity of near-infrared calibration models over time is proposed. Validation samples are analyzed at regular time intervals by both near-infrared and reference methods in order to check the validity of the near-infrared calibration model. When an invalid situation is detected, a stable polystyrene standard is measured, to determine whether this invalid situation is due to fluctuations of the instrumental response of the near-infrared spectrometer or not. A first method based on simulating simple instrumental differences enables one to correct those simple differences with only the polystyrene standard. It is shown that such an approach can correct most of the simple instrumental differences without the use of standardization procedures. However, when the invalid situation is due to more complex instrumental differences, standardization must be applied. This procedure is applied to simulated and real near-infrared data sets.

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