High plant density can improve the productivity of rainfed Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)

AbstractThe architecture of rice plant represents important and complex agronomic traits, such as panicles morphology, which directly influence the microclimate of rice population and consequently grain yield. To enhance yield, modification of plant architecture to create new hybrid cultivars is considered a sustainable approach. The current study includes an investigation of yield and microclimate response index under low to high plant density of two indica hybrid rice R498 (curved panicles) and R499 (erect panicles), from 2017 to 2018. The split-plot design included planting densities of 11.9–36.2 plant/m2. The results showed that compared with R498, R499 produced a higher grain yield of 8.02–8.83 t/ha at a higher planting density of 26.5–36.2 plant/m2. The response index of light intensity and relative humidity to the planting density of R499 was higher than that of R498 at the lower position of the rice population. However, the response index of temperature to the planting density of R499 was higher at the upper position (0.2–1.4%) than at the lower position. Compared with R498, R499 at a high planting density developed lower relative humidity (78–88%) and higher light intensity (9900–15,916 lx) at the lower position of the rice population. Our finding suggests that erect panicles are highly related to grain yield microclimatic contributors under a highly dense rice population, such as light intensity utilization, humidity, and temperature. The application of erect panicle rice type provides a potential strategy for yield improvement by increasing microclimatic conditions in rice.

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Nitrogen reduction in high plant density cotton is feasible due to quicker biomass accumulation

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114070 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 114070

Author(s):

Zhao Zhang ◽

Muhammad Sohaib Chattha ◽

Shoaib Ahmed ◽

Jiahao Liu ◽

Anda Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Nitrogen Reduction ◽

High Plant Density

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Ethylene mediated regulation of fiber development in Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.)

South African Journal of Botany ◽

10.1016/j.sajb.2020.09.014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 135 ◽

pp. 349-354

Author(s):

Pooja Verma ◽

M.V. Venugopalan ◽

D. Blaise ◽

V.N. Waghmare

Keyword(s):

Fiber Development ◽

Gossypium Arboreum ◽

Asiatic Cotton

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Between-row spacing and local accession on the yield and quality of garlic

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v7i1.865 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 112 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jamal-Ali Olfati ◽

Mohammad-Bagher Mahdieh-Najafabadi ◽

Mohammad Rabiee

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Block Design ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Plant Stand

Garlic is primarily grown for its cloves used mostly as a food flavoring condiment. Previous studies carried out on plant density indicate its direct influence on yield. Plant density depends on the genotype, environmental factors, cultural practices, etc. This study was established to determine the effects of different between-row spacing on growth, yield, and quality of four local accession of garlic. It was laid out on two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during two years. Four local accession of garlic (Langroud, Tarom, Tabriz and Hamedan) were culture in three between-rows spacing (15, 25 and 35 cm) during two years. The results of two cultivated years were different. Plant density changed when garlic cultured with different between row spacing. In present research plant yield increased when the lower between row spacing and high plant density were used but the yield improvement occurring at increased plant stand is offset by the reduction in bulb size and some quality indices such as total phenol and antioxidant which severely affects quality and market value, when garlic is produced for fresh market.

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Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Kernel Abortion and Stem Lodging

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.699085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Adnan Noor Shah ◽

Mohsin Tanveer ◽

Asad Abbas ◽

Mehmet Yildirim ◽

Anis Ali Shah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Plant Density ◽

Sugar Metabolism ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Planting Density ◽

Lodging Resistance ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Maize Productivity ◽

High Plant Density

High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.

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Ethephon Reduces Maize Nitrogen Uptake but Improves Nitrogen Utilization in Zea mays L.

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.762736 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yushi Zhang ◽

Yubin Wang ◽

Churong Liu ◽

Delian Ye ◽

Danyang Ren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

N Uptake ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

N Application ◽

Total N ◽

N Concentration ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Ethephon Treatment ◽

N Use

Increasing use of plant density or/and nitrogen (N) application has been introduced to maize production in the past few decades. However, excessive planting density or/and use of fertilizer may cause reduced N use efficiency (NUE) and increased lodging risks. Ethephon application improves maize lodging resistance and has been an essential measure in maize intensive production systems associated with high plant density and N input in China. Limited information is available about the effect of ethephon on maize N use and the response to plant density under different N rates in the field. A three-year field study was conducted with two ethephon applications (0 and 90 g ha−1), four N application rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1), and two plant densities (6.75 plants m−2 and 7.5 plants m−2) to evaluate the effects of ethephon on maize NUE indices (N agronomic efficiency, NAE; N recovery efficiency, NRE; N uptake efficiency, NUpE; N utilization efficiency, NUtE; partial factor productivity of N, PFPN), biomass, N concentration, grain yield and N uptake, and translocation properties. The results suggest that the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons. Meanwhile, lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments. These resulted in lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density. The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage, while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage. Consequently, post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods. Meanwhile, NUtE significantly increased by ethephon.

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First Report of White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) in Italy

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.9.1044b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (9) ◽

pp. 1044-1044

Author(s):

A. Garibaldi ◽

A. Minuto ◽

M. L. Gullino

Keyword(s):

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Plant Density ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Salvia Officinalis ◽

White Mold ◽

Rooted Cuttings ◽

First Report ◽

Streptomycin Sulfate ◽

High Plant Density ◽

White Mycelium

Salvia officinalis L. is cultivated as an aromatic ornamental plant in Italy. In the spring of 2003, rooted cuttings grown in containers in commercial farms near Albenga (northern Italy) had soft and watery stem tissue covered with whitish mycelium at the soil level. Leaves and stems showed necrotic areas of irregular shape and size. As necrosis progressed, infected plants wilted and died. Wilt occurred within a few days on young plants. Because of high plant density, the pathogen spread rapidly within and across containers to infect many rooted cuttings. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (2) was consistently recovered from infected stem pieces of Salvia officinalis that were disinfested for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 ppm of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotia produced on PDA were ellipsoid and measured 1.4 to 4.2 × 1.1 to 2.1 (average 2.1 × 1.5) mm. Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from infected plants was confirmed by inoculating 30-day-old plants grown in pots (14-cm diameter). Inoculum of each isolate was 14-day-old cultures of mycelium and sclerotia grown on sterile wheat kernels (300 g) and deionized water (320 ml) in a 1-liter flask at 20 to 25°C. Inoculum (10 g) of each isolate was placed on the soil surface around the base of 10 plants. Ten noninoculated plants served as controls. The inoculation trial was repeated once. All plants were kept in a screenhouse at temperatures ranging between 8 and 31°C and watered as needed. Inoculated plants developed symptoms of leaf yellowing, followed by the appearance of white mycelium within 7 days, and eventually wilted within 12 to 15 days. Control plants remained symptomless. White mycelium and sclerotia developed on infected tissues, and S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from inoculated plants on PDA amended with 100 ppm of streptomycin sulfate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold of Salvia officinalis caused by S. sclerotiorum in Italy. The disease has been observed in Canada (1) as well as Tasmania and New Zealand. References: (1) G. J. Bolland and R. Hall. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 16:93, 1994. (2) N. F. Buchwald. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift, 1949.

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Grain Yield Gains and Associated Traits in Tropical X Temperate Maize Germplasm Under High and Low Plant Density

10.21203/rs.3.rs-401021/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vince Ndou ◽

Edmore Gasura ◽

Pauline Chivenge ◽

John Derera

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Population ◽

Population Densities ◽

Genetic Gains ◽

Maize Germplasm ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Plant Population Density

Abstract Development of ideal breeding and crop management strategies that can improve maize grain yield under tropical environments is crucial. In the temperate regions, such yield improvements were achieved through use of genotypes that adapt high plant population density stress. However, tropical germplasm has poor tolerance to high plant population density stress, and thus it should be improved by temperate maize. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic gains and identify traits associated with such gains in stable and high yielding temperate x tropical hybrids under low and high plant population densities. A total of 200 hybrids derived from a line x tester mating design of tropical x temperate germplasm were developed. These hybrids were evaluated for grain yield and allied traits under varied plant population densities. High yielding and stable hybrids, such as 15XH214, 15XH215 and 15XH121 were resistant to lodging and had higher number of leaves above the cob. The high genetic gains of 26% and desirable stress tolerance indices of these hybrids made them better performers over check hybrids under high plant population density. At high plant population density yield was correlated to stem lodging and number of leaves above the cob. Future gains in grain yield of these hybrids derived from temperate x tropical maize germplasm can be achieved by exploiting indirect selection for resistance to stem lodging and increased number of leaves above the cob under high plant density conditions.

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Effects of Hill Spacing, Number of Plants Per Hill and Nitrogen Supply on Growth and Yield of Rice

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700100456 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 55-66

Author(s):

B. A. C. Enyi

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Percentage Increase ◽

High Nitrogen ◽

Higher Plant ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Shoot Number ◽

Number Of Shoots

SummaryIn a factorial experiment with two spacings, four numbers of seedlings per hill, and two levels of nitrogen the highest numbers of shoots were produced in high nitrogen and high plant density plots. Increasing the number of seedlings per hill led to a rise in the number of shoots per plot and this was more pronounced in high than in low plant densities. Significant differences in shoot number between high and low nitrogen plots occurred only at the higher plant density, but high nitrogen and wide spacing led to an increase in the number of shoots per hill and per plant. Increasing the number of seedlings per hill resulted in an increase in the number of shoots per hill but a decrease in the number of shoots per plant. The effects of treatments on leaf blade area at ear emergence and on grain yields were similar to those on shoot number. The percentage increase in the yield of grain per unit area due to increasing the number of seedlings to three and four were 12 and 9 respectively. The percentage shoot mortality was greater in plots with low than with high plant density. Plants were higher in high nitrogen plots, especially at high plant density, while high nitrogen supply and four seedlings per hill increased the number of days from seeding to ear emergence. The former treatment also increased ear length. Low plant density and three seedlings per hill increased the ear to shoot dry weight ratio. The best combination of treatments for high grain yield was high nitrogen, 15 cm x 15 cm spacing, and four seedlings per hill.

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