Partnering a Rival: The Sustenance of India’s Complex Interdependence with China, 2010-20

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Bipin K. Tiwary ◽  
Anubhav Roy
Keyword(s):  
Complex Interdependence

Soviet Tanks, American Sedans: Traces of India’s Cold War-era Hedging Towards the United States, 1966–1971

2021 ◽  
pp. 097492842098309
Author(s):  
Bipin K. Tiwary ◽  
Anubhav Roy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Military Assistance ◽  
Evaluative Study ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
Food Shortages

Having fought its third war and staring at food shortages, independent India needed to get its act together both militarily and economically by the mid-1960s. With the United States revoking its military assistance and delaying its food aid despite New Delhi’s devaluation of the rupee, India’s newly elected Indira Gandhi government turned to deepen its ties with the Soviet Union in 1966 with the aim of balancing the United States internally through a rearmament campaign and externally through a formal alliance with Moscow. The US formation of a triumvirate with Pakistan and China in India’s neighbourhood only bolstered its intent. Yet India consciously limited the extent of both its balancing strategies and allowed adequate space to simultaneously adopt the contradictory sustenance of its complex interdependence with the United States economically. Did this contrasting choice of strategies constitute India’s recourse to hedging after 1966 until 1971, when it liberated Bangladesh by militarily defeating a US-aligned Pakistan? Utilising a historical-evaluative study of archival data and the contents of a few Bollywood films from the period, this paper seeks to address the question by empirically establishing the extents of India’s balancing of, and complex interdependence with, the United States.

scholarly journals Ecological Sensibility and the Experience of Nature in 20th c. French Literature // Sensibilidad ecológica y la experiencia de la naturaleza en la literatura francesa del s.XX

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-198
Author(s):  
Walter Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
French Literature ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
Marguerite Yourcenar ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Jean Giono ◽  
Romantic Conception ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Julien Gracq ◽  
Ecological Sensibility

This essay provides a survey of relevant works by Jean Giono, Marguerite Yourcenar and Julien Gracq, three major authors of twentieth-century French literature. All of these authors attempt in various ways to overcome the nature-culture dualism, a largely neglected topic in modern French literature, which is in accordance with a Romantic conception of nature. The following article falls into two parts. In the first part, I will analyse selected examples of experiences of nature that reflect an awareness of the complex interdependence of humans and their natural environment, i.e. a basic form of ecological sensibility. In the second part, I propose to explore the correlation between ecological sensibility and the search for the good life, which aims at cultural and social change. Finally, I will evaluate the three writers’ debt to Romantic ecology and where they transcend it in order to create a modern ecological awareness informed by environmental ethics and science.    Resumen   Este ensayo proporciona una visión general de las obras de Jean Giono, Marguerite Yourcenar, and Julien Gracq, tres grandes autores de la literatura francesa del siglo XX. Estos escritores intentan superar de diferentes formas el dualismo naturaleza-cultura, un tema en gran medida olvidado en la literatura francesa moderna, que está de acuerdo con  una concepción romántica de la naturaleza. El siguiente artículo se divide en dos partes. En la primera parte analizaré una selección de ejemplos de experiencias de la naturaleza que reflejan un conocimiento de la compleja interdependencia de los humanos con su entorno natural, es decir, una forma básica de sensibilidad ecológica. En la segunda parte propongo explorar la correlación entre la sensibilidad ecológica y la búsqueda de una buena vida, que pretende cambio cultural y social. Finalmente, evaluaré la deuda de los tres escritores hacia la ecología romántica y dónde la trascienden para crear una conciencia ecológica moderna influida por la ética medioambiental y la ciencia.  

scholarly journals Changing Dynamics of Global Politics: Transition from Unipolar to Multipolar World

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muzaffar ◽  
Zahid Yaseen ◽  
Nazim Rahim
Keyword(s):  
International Politics ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Peaceful Rise ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Us Hegemony ◽  
Increasing Trends

World is transforming again from unipolar to multipolar. Many regional powers are emerging on the canvas of international politics. Complex interdependence has taken its place and due to this phenomenon old rivals are now making alliances and friendships. Not even a single state can afford to exist in isolation. Keeping this entire scenario in view this study analyses the future of world politics at extent of political interaction and the next power structure of 21st century. In Past, the order of polarity shifted from bipolar to Unipolar as considered the transition of power in international world. The increasing trends of multipolarity have been allied with these three factors: The end of US hegemony, the peaceful rise of China and other emerging states in different regions, and the shifting nature of power structure from Unipolarity to Multipolarity. This study is qualitative and analytical predictive which is employed to develop and substantiate arguments. The spectacles of modern-day noticed that the peaceful raise of China as foremost new power effect the configuration of international politics. Last decades showed the most rapid economic rate of China. Revivalism of Russia and rise of other states including China will soon overtake the US hegemony. The theoretical framework provides the basic assumptions of this transition of Unipolarity to Multipolarity due to emerging trends of international relations.

INDIA’S ROLE IN KAZAKHSTAN’S MULTI-VECTOR FOREIGN POLICY

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 043-049
Author(s):  
Punit GAUR ◽  
Anurag TRIPATHI ◽  
Shovan Sinha RAY
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Near Future

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan’s economy was weak since most of the industrial enterprises were located in Russia. To attain economic growth, Kazakhstan crafted a unique foreign policy known as the multi-vector foreign policy, which facilitated an easy inflow of direct foreign investments into the state economy. After economic liberalization in 1991, India took a serious interest in Central Asia, and since then the two nations have come a long way marked by complex interdependence in the international arena. They have demonstrated a successful and sustained upward trend in their bilateral relationship through soft power, trade and long-standing historical connections. Thus, the prospects of mutual cooperation between Central Asia, particularly Kazakhstan, and India are quite promising in the near future.

Sovereignty and Complex Interdependence

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-230
Author(s):  
Charles Sabel
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Voluntary Association ◽  
Global State ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Trade Partners

Even as democratic sovereignty and globalization are increasingly seen as incompatible in theory, this chapter argues that, in some important realms, they are proving compatible in practice. As tariffs have fallen to negligible levels, trade agreements among rich countries have come to focus on reconciling regulatory differences. In many sectors, novel forms of cooperation have emerged that allow trade partners deliberately to investigate and learn from one another’s practices, eventually recognizing the equivalence of regimes that are not strictly identical—and in the process extending domestic political oversight to relations among states while often heightening domestic accountability. The emergent institutions of regulatory equivalence suggest a practical, if partial, possibility for realizing Kant’s “negative surrogate” or federation of democratic republics, growing incrementally through voluntary association, as a substitute for a global state.

scholarly journals Defect-dependent Elasticity: Nanoindentation as a Probe of Stress State

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1693-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Jarausch ◽  
J. D. Kiely ◽  
J. E. Houston ◽  
P. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Stress State ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Indentation Modulus ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Single Crystal Surfaces ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Low Temperature Annealing ◽  
Surface Steps

Using an interfacial force microscope, the measured elastic response of 100-nm-thick Au films was found to be strongly correlated with the films' stress state and thermal history. Large, reversible variations (2×) of indentation modulus were recorded as a function of applied stress. Low-temperature annealing caused permanent changes in the films' measured elastic properties. The measured elastic response was also found to vary in close proximity to grain boundaries in thin films and near surface steps on single-crystal surfaces. These results demonstrate a complex interdependence of stress state, defect structure, and elastic properties in thin metallic films.

The historical footprint and future challenges of water-energy-food nexus research: A bibliometric review towards sustainable development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxueqi Han ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Xuerui Gao ◽  
Yubao Wang ◽  
Shan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Bibliometric Review ◽  
External Relationships ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

The water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has emerged as a frontier issue in interdisciplinary research, and is one of the most complex sustainability challenges the world is faced with today. In this review, we ask: 1) how can the interdependent relationships among water, energy and food resources be identified? 2)what methods have been applied to understand these relationships? and 3) what are the future opportunities and challenges for the WEF nexus development? To answer these questions, we provide a critical assessment of the relevant literature from Web of Science database on WEF nexus published between 2008 and 2019 using a bibliometric analysis. Using the resulting 396 published articles, we systematically reviewed the concept and the bibliometric characteristics of the WEF nexus research to assess the development footprint. Based on the most popular topics and research methods found in these publications, we discussed the major research limitations as well as future opportunities and challenges for WEF research. An examination of internal and external relationships among topics showed that the three most recent hot areas of WEF nexus research include: 1) water, energy and food, 2) policy-making and resource management, and 3) system models and methods Specifically, considering that no one method can solve all problems, we innovatively summarized the application scope and the advantages and disadvantages of each method, with a particular focus on the WEF nexus models. This was undertaken to support readers in choosing a scientific method to analyze the specific WEF nexus-related issues. We anticipate that complex interdependence mechanisms, data uncertainty, analytical model development, and in-depth policy implementation will pose the greatest challenges for future WEF nexus research; however, these challenges will also generate better research opportunities. This bibliometric review highlights that to increase understanding of complex WEF systems and formulate optimal strategies to manage them, is of great significance for environmental and social sustainability.

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