The pendulum impact tests were carried out on one RC frame column and four RC free-standing columns. The effect of axial compression ratio and reinforcement ratio on the impact resistance of columns were compared by means of dynamic time curves of framed and freestanding columns under impact. The test results show that with the same impact load, though the presence of axial loads can play a positive role (e.g., reducing the residual displacement), it may lead to more severe local damage. Also, compared with free-standing columns, the frame column can be considered as a protective structure for its greater lateral stiffness and stronger crashworthiness. The corresponding finite element models are developed,and the influence of the axial loads on cross section force responses under impact excitation is deeply explored. The axial loads can significantly affect the distribution of the moment, the shear force, and also the damage for the column.