scholarly journals The Brazilian National Defence Strategy: Defence Expenditure Choices and Military Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Bolzan De Rezende ◽  
Paul Blackwell
Keyword(s):  
Military Power ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
Defence Expenditure ◽  
National Defence

Serbia and Croatia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Ejdus
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Small States ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Defence

During the cold war, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia was a middle-sized power pursuing a non-aligned foreign policy and a defence strategy based on massive armed forces, obligatory conscription, and a doctrine of ‘Total National Defence’. The violent disintegration of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s resulted in the creation of several small states. Ever since, their defence policies and armed forces have been undergoing a thorough transformation. This chapter provides an analysis of the defence transformation of the two biggest post-Yugoslav states—Serbia and Croatia—since the end of the cold war. During the 1990s, defence transformation in both states was shaped by the undemocratic nature of their regimes and war. Ever since they started democratic transition in 2000, and in spite of their diverging foreign policies, both states have pivoted towards building modern, professional, interoperable, and democratically controlled armed forces capable of tackling both traditional and emerging threats.

IV. Sir Charles MacGregor and the Defence of India,1857–1887

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Preston
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Military Power ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
National Defence ◽  
Peculiar Nature

If anyone could be claimed the father of the school for the scientific study of Indian defence policy it would undoubtedly be Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor. With the re-opening of the Central Asian Question in the early 1860s, it became MacGregor's mission in life completely to recast the Indian defence structure and it counter-insurrectionary role to enable it to undertake large-scale offensive operations against a major European military power. Almost single-handedly, he began to create the machinery within the Indian Army establishment—the special departments, professional institutes, journals and literature—to stimulate a greater awareness of the special and peculiar nature of Indian defence problems that this new role involved, and to encourage an iconoclastic re-examination of prevailing defence assumptions. From MacGregor's groundwork there was logically bound to arise a sense of Indian Army professionalism separate and distinct from that of Great Britain, and the beginnings of the belief that obligations of national defence are inseparable from nationhood. It was MacGregor who first appreciated on the basis of systematic and scientific study that India constituted a vast manpower reservoir, greater than that of Ireland and Egypt together, upon which Britain relied for the prosecution of her imperial, military and foreign policies in the East; that the North-West Frontier presented the only strategic boundary that Britain had to defend; and that the geo-strategic and demographic facts of her existence had made India potentially a great military power bound to adopt a ‵Continental′ military policy and defence structure in many respects parallel to those of the major European military powers.

Greek GDP will plunge despite latest stimulus package

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Military Spending ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Defence Expenditure ◽  
National Defence ◽  
Stimulus Package

Significance The speech set out the government’s economic policy guidelines for the remainder of 2020 and 2021, largely extending the package of fiscal measures in place since April 2020. Mitsotakis also announced the start of a new investment cycle in national defence, in response to rapidly deteriorating relations with Turkey. Impacts The latest stimulus package will widen the 2020 primary budget deficit to about 3.5% of GDP. The announced increase in military spending is fuelling fears among the public of an arms race with Turkey. The rise in defence expenditure will divert public investment into economically unproductive ends.

scholarly journals On the Influence of Internal Factors on Romania’s Foreign Policy and Image

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
D. G. Dragan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
National Defence

The article describes the internal processes in Romania after the collapse of the communist regime. The author attempts to determine the connection between the domestic and foreign policy of the country. This issue deserves attention since Romania's National Defence Strategy 2020–2024 prioritises the strengthening of the country's resilience and at the same time increasing international political weight. Having taken this into consideration, the author evaluates the domestic policy factors which have influenced the image of Romania in the international arena.

scholarly journals A Consideration for Standard Level of National Defence Expenditure

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (0) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Jung Koo Huh
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Open Door ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Defence Expenditure ◽  
National Defence

For the past few years, the world situation has been changing so rapidly that it could be called a "The Revolution." For example, there are the changes in Eastern Europe, the unification of Germany, and the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the leader of the Communist nations and a major participant in the Cold War during the 20th century, from the historical stage. Moreover, North-Korea which has pursued an open-door policy and armed revolutionary unification for half n century, has begun a step by step effort For the establishment of peace. It has produced an atmosphere of detente on the Korean peninsula. All these world wide changes and North-South Korea developments toward peace cause people to fantasize about the unification of Korea. With this fantasy In their mind, people demand to spend more on economic and social welfare, and cut down on NDE.

scholarly journals As China Grows Strong

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Segal
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
New Age ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Balance ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Military Modernization ◽  
Chinese Military ◽  
Defence Sector ◽  
National Defence

China's modernization is already rapidly improving the welfare of one quarter of mankind and changing communist ideology. But China is not only growing more stable and prosperous, it is also growing stronger. China's fourth modernization, national defence, is rarely treated in great detail, but it is increasingly clear that the reform of the defence sector is also having an important impact on both domestic and foreign policy. The process began in earnest in 1978 and by 1987 had completed its first stage of reorganization. At a major meeting of military and civilian officials in December 1986, the strategy for the next phase of military modernization was discussed.1 At the dawn of the new age of Chinese military power, it is essential to assess the implications of a stronger China for China itself, its neighbors, and the great power balance.

scholarly journals National Defence Expenditure and Its Implications on Economic Development in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31
Author(s):  
Raymond M. ◽  
Ibyingibo S.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
Misery Index ◽  
Capital Spending ◽  
Defence Expenditure ◽  
National Defence

The issue of security is presently a critical challenge for the Nigeria State: biggest democracy in Africa as reports of killings are plastered on a daily basis on both print and social media. This is unpalatable for a developing country like Nigeria that has its eyes set on improving the lot of its citizens and becoming a force to reckon with in the global economy. It is on this backdrop that this study set sail to examine the association between national defence expenditure and economic development in Nigeria. The study adopted Ex-post facto research design as the variables- Misery Index, CDEX and RDEX: cannot be manipulated as they are annual time series data sourced from the World Development Indicator and the Central Bank of Nigeria annual report from a period of 38 years covering from 1981 to 2018, which were in turn analyzed using the error correction model (ECM) method of estimation. The result of the Johansen cointegration test revealed that government capital spending on defence, recurrent spending on defence, foreign direct investment and misery index have common trends in the long run. The outcome of the normalized cointegration disclosed a negative and significant relationship between government capital spending on defence and misery index, while a positive and significant long run relationship exists between government recurrent spending on defence and misery index. The short run analysis pointed to a positive and significant relationship between previous year’s misery index and current year’s misery index. The study thus recommended that government defence spending be reassessed to make it development oriented and proper monitoring of defence spending be carried out.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC COMPONENT OF FRENCH NUCLEAR STATUS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-153
Author(s):  
Daria Menshakova
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
National Interests ◽  
State Security ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
Definition Of

The article reveals the significance of the economic component of the French Republic’s nuclear status notion in the context of ensuring its security and support of military power, and especially the financial support of this concept, as one of the most effective methods of guaranteeing security and independence in the modern world. The author emphasizes the fact that in present conditions, considering growing instability and international relations turbulence, the economic component tends to be a vital requirement for the development of state nuclear safety, on the example of France. Relying on the analysis of the economic component and the definition of the French nuclear power notion, it is possible to predict and assess the main trends in the development of the state security system and its defence strategy, as well as to formulate ideas about threats and national interests. It has been argued that the economic component of nuclear status is inextricably associated not only with the formation of a state security strategy but also with the development of the image and geopolitical component of security, aimed at providing the necessary conditions for the realization of French national interests.

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