The impact of electoral reforms on voting preferences: the Israeli 1996 and 1999 cases

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Zubida ◽  
David Nachmias
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
The Impact

Electoral reforms and the representativeness of turnout

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Michael M. Bechtel ◽  
Lukas Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Medium Education ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Voters tend to be richer, more conservative, and more educated than non-voters. While many electoral reforms promise to increase political participation, these policy instruments may have multidimensional and differential effects that can increase or decrease the representativeness of turnout. We develop an approach that allows us to estimate these effects and assess the impact of postal voting on representational inequality in Swiss referendums using individual-level ( $N = 79\comma\; 000$ ) and aggregate-level data from 1981 to 2009. We find that postal voting mobilizes equally across a wide range of political and sociodemographic groups but more strongly activates high earners, those with medium education levels, and less politically interested individuals. Yet, those who vote are not less politically knowledgeable and the effects on the composition of turnout remain limited. Our results inform research on the consequences of electoral reforms meant to increase political participation in large electorates.

scholarly journals Does Changing Electoral Systems Affect (Corrupt) Particularistic Exchanges? Evidence from the Italian Case

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Piattoni ◽  
Matteo Fabio Nels Giglioli
Keyword(s):  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Pork Barrel ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
Constituency Service ◽  
Party Strength ◽  
The Impact

The literature on forms of particularism explores the impact of institutional variables on what is denoted, alternatively, as constituency service, pork-barrel politics, or corruption. Attention has mostly been given to electoral systems, but other institutional provisions and political factors, such as party strength, are also relevant. The present contribution investigates the likely effects of electoral reforms on corruption control and seeks confirmation of the hypothesis that single member plurality (even within mixed member) systems are conducive to a type of particularism that might help fight corruption, taking Italy as a case. We test the impact of two electoral reforms and three electoral systems enacted in Italy between 1996 and 2016, whose primary aim was bolstering enfeebled party leaderships and facilitating the formation of durable governments, and we compare the effort at corruption control of the Italian governments born under these different electoral systems with those of other European democracies.

scholarly journals Parliamentary Elections in Indonesia: President Susilo on the Rise

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Andreas Ufen
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Party System ◽  
System Support ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
New Parties ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Local Politicians ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
Islamic Parties ◽  
The Impact

The Indonesian parliamentary elections in April 2009 have been characterized as peaceful, free, and fair. All in all, the young democracy has been stabilized. The PD (Partai Demokrat, Democratic Party), the electoral vehicle of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, won with 20.8%. It is mostly secular parties, that is the PD, Golkar (Partai Golongan Karya, Party of Functional Groups) and the PDI-P (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia – Perjuangan, Indonesian Democratic Party – Struggle), which now dominate the party system. Support for the Islamic parties has dwindled; only the Islamist PKS (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera, Prosperous Justice Party) was able to gain slightly. The rapid rise of the PD and two smaller new parties is testimony to the fluidity of the party system. The results corroborate a trend of a weakening of socio-political “streams” ( aliran). This development is due to the increasing personalization and commercialization of politics and the impact of mass media. Moreover, electoral reforms (the introduction of an “open list”) seem to have strengthened local politicians vis-à-vis party headquarters in Jakarta.

scholarly journals BY-ELECTION POST 2018 GENERAL ELECTION IN MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 21-53
Author(s):  
Junaidi Awang Besar ◽  
Nur Ellyanis Mohd Basori ◽  
Mokhtar Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Nizar Sudin ◽  
Mohd Nor Hafis Ahmad Pauzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
General Election ◽  
Court Order ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The People ◽  
Party Strategies ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
Cameron Highlands ◽  
Electoral Law ◽  
The Impact

Post-General Election 2018 (GE) 2018 saw 10 by-elections held in the wake of incumbent death, resignation, and cancellation of the by-election by court order. The by-elections include the State constituencies of Sungai Kandis, Seri Setia, Balakong, Semenyih, Rantau, Parliamentary constituencies of Port Dickson, Cameron Highlands, Sandakan, Tanjong Piai and Kimanis. All of these by-elections have a particular impact on the country’s socio-economic and political. Therefore, it is the purpose of this study to analyze the by-election post-2018 General Election in Malaysia. Based on analysis of the by-election after general election 2018 data, field observation and the extraction of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the majority of these polls initially showed a declining drop in voting percentage of less than 50 percent and in the form of a political coalition between UMNO (BN) and PAS. This by-election also followed some electoral reforms set by the Election Commission (EC), and the fulfillment of election promises based on the manifesto of the 2018 GE and the by-elections and institutional reforms. All of these elections show the importance of the role of the authorities in fulfilling election promises, the importance of the voice, the hope of the people being heard, and solving their problems, especially economic and unity issues. This by-election also teaches in terms of effective and wise crisis management, political party preparedness to streamline their electoral machinery, while also motivating party leadership to work harder to win the electorate for the coming GE-15. Therefore, the analysis of the impact of this study is important in contributing to the electoral process, electoral law, guidelines, transparency, political party strategies, and their relevance to the global world.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Cesare Guaita ◽  
Roberto Crippa ◽  
Federico Manzini
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Organic Syntheses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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