UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND SOCIAL ISOLATION: Is there a vicious circle of social exclusion?

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Gallie ◽  
Serge Paugam ◽  
Sheila Jacobs
Author(s):  
Duncan Gallie

This chapter explains the processes that lead people to become vulnerable to labour market marginalisation through unemployment. It first focuses on incentives to work and suggests that unemployment is the result of a motivational deficit, which is linked to a system of welfare benefits that reduces the value that people attach to work. It then discusses social exclusion, which suggests that once people become unemployed, they are caught in a vicious circle of poverty and social isolation that in turn sharply reduce their opportunities for employment. Finally, it looks at the argument that the critical factor is related to the changing patterns of skills in advanced societies and the nature of the training provision for the updating and modification of skills.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S198-S198
Author(s):  
Ruth E Dunkle ◽  
Laura Sutherland ◽  
Garrett T Pace ◽  
Ariel Kennedy ◽  
Patricia Baldwin

Abstract Creative arts can promote social contact and possibly reduce isolation. A professionally run theater group comprised of low-income older adults met for 12 weeks to learn basic skills and perform a play. Using a pre-post questionnaire, data were gathered from the treatment group (n=14) who participated in the class and a non-participating comparison group (n=5) to identify potential program effects on measures of social isolation, community belonging, and social exclusion. Participants were African American living in low-income housing in an urban area. The average age of the sample was 65 years, 21% were men, 83% had at least high school degree, 71% reported good to excellent health, and 58% reported at least one ADL. Regression analyses showed that a sense of community belonging was significantly greater for the treatment group than the comparison group at time 2.This was not the case when considering social isolation or social exclusion. When controls were added (age, health, and previous theater experience), the significant difference remained with higher age predicting a sense of community belonging. The greater number of class sessions attended was also associated with a greater sense of community belonging for the treatment group. Through the shared experience of theater, participants can gain a sense of community, but this activity does not seem to be related to social isolation or social exclusion. It could be that theater participation fosters a sense of belonging due to group dynamics but is not a significant enough activity to reduce a sense of isolation or exclusion.


2019 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias A. Reinhard ◽  
Julia Dewald-Kaufmann ◽  
Torsten Wüstenberg ◽  
Richard Musil ◽  
Barbara B. Barton ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Anugraha Varghese

Abstract: "Commercial sex workers" refers to those who engage in prostitution, and have been used in the literature on the subject over a period of time. The term has been adopted, which is free of the complex, derogatory and sexist connotations, which are often linked with the concept of a "slut". Sex work includes a wide variety of activities, including the exchange of foreign currency (or an equivalent) for the purchase of sex, and sexual services. Sex work has been attributed to several psychiatric issues, including physical violence as a child, sexual assault as a child, adult domestic discrimination, substance abuse, trauma etc. Commercial sex work, according to Medrano, and Gilchrist, is often correlated with the socio-demographic disadvantage such as ethnic minority, low-income, food and nutrition, and a lack of education and training. Sex workers may be exposed to the stigma of the action, and, therefore, have a high risk for psychiatric morbidity. There is indeed a scarcity of literature into how sex workers deal with mental health and stigma. The stigma of the sex industry would have a direct impact on the mental health of sex workers. The need to control, and the risk of selective disclosure of the sex work is the usual on-the-job. The objective of this review is to examine the current literature on sex workers, with a focus on health as well as other forms of social isolation such as disability, homelessness, and drug abuse. There aren't many articles dedicated to mental health, social isolation, or sex work. The paper is divided into three sections based on three major themes. The very first theme looks at the causes that lead to insecurity, social isolation, and sex work participation. The second topic examines how exclusionary mechanisms impact sex workers' mental health and the most common mental illnesses in the sex worker population. Finally, the third topic considers how exclusionary mechanisms impact the lives of sex workers, as well as the various degrees of social exclusion faced by different classes of sex workers. Sex workers, especially on-the-street, off-the-street, transient, and trafficked sex workers, face potential threats and sickness. Several of these impediments are connected to wider questions of social exclusion that go far beyond sex work. Keywords: Sex worker, psychiatric morbidity, social exclusion, sex work stigma, factors affecting entrance into sex workers.


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. D. Eastwood ◽  
Bin Jalaludin ◽  
Lynn Kemp ◽  
Hai Phung ◽  
Bryanne A. M. Barnett ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Dmitriy V. Savchenko ◽  
Pavel A. Kislyakov ◽  
Natal'ya V. Belyakova

The article deals with the phenomena of social responsibility and civic activity, acting as factors of safe prosocial behaviour. Various approaches of the studied phenomena are presented. The results of empirical research of social responsibility, civic activity and prosocial identity among students are presented. Correlation analysis using Pearson correlation revealed a strong direct correlation between the content of prosocial identity and social responsibility, prosocial content of identity and citizenship, respondents' citizenship and social responsibility, as well as inverse correlation between social isolation of individual and social responsibility. Students are dominated by moderate levels of social responsibility and civic engagement, as well as low levels of social exclusion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
Rachel Weldrick

Abstract Existing research has identified significant risk factors for experiencing social isolation in later life including chronic health conditions, mobility impairments, and living alone among others. Although many older people who live alone maintain active social lives, living alone remains a top predictor of social isolation. Less is known about other types of risk factors, such as place-based risks and social exclusion. Despite calls to examine the role of place and social exclusion in social isolation risk, few studies have investigated the links. Models of isolation risk have often omitted place-based factors and social exclusion and focused largely on individual-level risks. In order to address these gaps, this paper presents the findings of 17 in-depth, qualitative interviews with community-dwelling older people who live alone (aged 65-93). Participants were recruited using a theoretical sampling strategy to ensure that a diverse range of neighbourhood types were represented among the participants (e.g., walkable vs. car-dependent neighbourhoods). Interview transcripts were analyzed using a constructivist grounded approach resulting in several major themes. Participants described aspects of their local environments as shaping their risk of isolation including infrastructure and amenities delivered in place, and neighbourhood makeup, among others. These themes are further examined through the lens of place-based exclusion and used to conceptualize how dimensions of both place and social exclusion fit into the model of known isolation risk factors. An adapted model of risk is presented to guide future research and intervention planning.


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