Exhaustive Memory-Scanning and Familiarity Discrimination: Separate Mechanisms in Recognition Memory Tasks

1977 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gaffan
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Response Latency ◽  
List Length ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Memory Scanning ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Similar Task

Experiment I was a yes-no recognition task with lists of one, two or four items to remember. Each item in the experiment appeared in only one list, and each list was presented only once. One group of subjects performed the task with complex pictures. Their results were incompatible with the hypothesis of exhaustive memory scanning, since the function relating “yes” response latency to list length was not parallel to but steeper than the function for “no” responses. Another group performed the task with words. Their results were consistent with exhaustive memory-scanning. Experiment II was a similar task in which the familiarity was varied of the test items to which the subjects had to respond “no”. That variation affected response latency with pictures but not with words. From these results and from a consideration of relevant neurological data, the hypothesis is advanced that familiarity discrimination and exhaustive memory-scanning are separate mechanisms.

scholarly journals Accounting for the build-up of proactive interference across lists in a list length paradigm reveals a dominance of item-noise in recognition memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Fox ◽  
Simon Dennis ◽  
Adam F Osth
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Standard Model ◽  
Proactive Interference ◽  
List Length ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Test Items ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Global Matching ◽  
Test Position

There has been a longstanding debate concerning whether interference in recognition memory is attributable to other items on the study list (i.e., item-noise) or to prior memories (i.e., context-noise and background-noise). Recently, Osth and Dennis (2015) devised a global matching model that could estimate the magnitude of each interference contribution and they found that context-noise and background-noise were dominant in recognition. In the present investigation, data from a list length experiment were analysed using variants of the Osth, Jansson, Dennis and Heathcote (2018) model, that integrates the memory retrieval components of the Osth and Dennis (2015) model with the diffusion decision model (Ratcliff, 1978) to jointly account for choice probabilities and RT distributions. The standard version of the model, like existing recognition models, treated each condition as if no proactive interference had accumulated over the session. A more comprehensive version of the model allowed both study and test items from prior conditions to contribute proactive interference (PI) to future conditions. While the standard model estimated a dominance of background-noise, the PI model estimated a dominance of item-noise, reversing the conclusions made by Osth and Dennis (2015). Along with list length, the experimental design provided a measure of the test position effect (TPE). While the standard model attributed the TPE to context drift, the PI model attributed the TPE to both context drift and increases in item-noise.

scholarly journals Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with listening to preferred music on memory in older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky Chow ◽  
Alix Noly-Gandon ◽  
Aline Moussard ◽  
Jennifer D. Ryan ◽  
Claude Alain
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Direct Current Stimulation

AbstractListening to autobiographically-salient music (i.e., music evoking personal memories from the past), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have each been suggested to temporarily improve older adults’ subsequent performance on memory tasks. Limited research has investigated the effects of combining both tDCS and music listening together on cognition. The present study examined whether anodal tDCS stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2 mA, 20 min) with concurrent listening to autobiographically-salient music amplified subsequent changes in working memory and recognition memory in older adults than either tDCS or music listening alone. In a randomized sham-controlled crossover study, 14 healthy older adults (64–81 years) participated in three neurostimulation conditions: tDCS with music listening (tDCS + Music), tDCS in silence (tDCS-only), or sham-tDCS with music listening (Sham + Music), each separated by at least a week. Working memory was assessed pre- and post-stimulation using a digit span task, and recognition memory was assessed post-stimulation using an auditory word recognition task (WRT) during which electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Performance on the backwards digit span showed improvement in tDCS + Music, but not in tDCS-only or Sham + Music conditions. Although no differences in behavioural performance were observed in the auditory WRT, changes in neural correlates underlying recognition memory were observed following tDCS + Music compared to Sham + Music. Findings suggest listening to autobiographically-salient music may amplify the effects of tDCS for working memory, and highlight the potential utility of neurostimulation combined with personalized music to improve cognitive performance in the aging population.

scholarly journals Is Pupil Activity Associated With the Strength of Memory Signal for Words in a Continuous Recognition Memory Paradigm?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Oliveira ◽  
Marta Fernandes ◽  
Pedro J. Rosa ◽  
Pedro Gamito
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Study Test

Research on pupillometry provides an increasing evidence for associations between pupil activity and memory processing. The most consistent finding is related to an increase in pupil size for old items compared with novel items, suggesting that pupil activity is associated with the strength of memory signal. However, the time course of these changes is not completely known, specifically, when items are presented in a running recognition task maximizing interference by requiring the recognition of the most recent items from a sequence of old/new items. The sample comprised 42 healthy participants who performed a visual word recognition task under varying conditions of retention interval. Recognition responses were evaluated using behavioral variables for discrimination accuracy, reaction time, and confidence in recognition decisions. Pupil activity was recorded continuously during the entire experiment. The results suggest a decrease in recognition performance with increasing study-test retention interval. Pupil size decreased across retention intervals, while pupil old/new effects were found only for words recognized at the shortest retention interval. Pupillary responses consisted of a pronounced early pupil constriction at retrieval under longer study-test lags corresponding to weaker memory signals. However, the pupil size was also sensitive to the subjective feeling of familiarity as shown by pupil dilation to false alarms (new items judged as old). These results suggest that the pupil size is related not only to the strength of memory signal but also to subjective familiarity decisions in a continuous recognition memory paradigm.

scholarly journals The effect of repetition priming on implicit recognition memory as measured by Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation and EEG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volkan Nurdal ◽  
Graeme Fairchild ◽  
George Stothart
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Repetition Condition ◽  
Memory Response

Introduction: The development of rapid and reliable neural measures of memory is an important goal of cognitive neuroscience research and clinical practice. Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation (FPVS) is a recently developed electroencephalography (EEG) method that involves presenting a mix of novel and previously-learnt stimuli at a fast rate. Recent work has shown that implicit recognition memory can be measured using FPVS, however the role of repetition priming remains unclear. Here, we attempted to separate out the effects of recognition memory and repetition priming by manipulating the degree of repetition of the stimuli to be remembered.Method: Twenty-two participants with a mean age of 20.8 (±4.3) yrs completed an FPVS-oddball paradigm with a varying number of repetitions of the oddball stimuli, ranging from repetition only (pure repetition) to no repetition (pure recognition). In addition to the EEG task, participants completed a behavioural recognition task and visual memory subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale – 4th edition (WMS-IV). Results: An oddball memory response was observed in all four experimental conditions (pure repetition to pure recognition) compared to the control condition (no oddball stimuli). The oddball memory response was largest in the pure repetition condition and smaller, but still significant, in conditions with less/no oddball repetition (e.g. pure recognition). Behavioural recognition performance was at ceiling, suggesting that all images were encoded successfully. There was no correlation with either behavioural memory performance or WMS-IV scores, suggesting the FPVS-oddball paradigm captures different memory processes than behavioural measures.Conclusion: Repetition priming significantly modulates the FPVS recognition memory response, however recognition is still detectable even in the total absence of repetition priming. The FPVS-oddball paradigm could potentially be developed into an objective and easy-to-administer memory assessment tool.

What three-year-olds remember from their past

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Hirte ◽  
Frauke Graf ◽  
Ziyon Kim ◽  
Monika Knopf
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Deferred Imitation ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Task Recognition ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Memory Contents

From birth on, infants show long-term recognition memory for persons. Furthermore, infants from six months onwards are able to store and retrieve demonstrated actions over long-term intervals in deferred imitation tasks. Thus, information about the model demonstrating the object-related actions is stored and recognition memory for the objects as well as memory for the actions is retrieved. To study the development of long-term retention for different memory contents systematically, the present study investigated the recognition of person- and object-related information as well as the retention of actions in two samples of three-year-olds who had participated in a deferred imitation task at either nine or 18 months of age. Results showed that three-year-olds who had participated at nine months of age retained actions in a re-enactment task; however, they neither indicated person- nor object-recognition in a picture-choice task (recognition task). Children who had participated at 18 months of age demonstrated person- and object-recognition but no re-enactment at three years of age. Findings are discussed against the background of memory development from a preverbal to a verbal age and in regard to the characteristics of the recognition vs re-enactment tasks and the stimuli used.

Absence of a Hemispheric Superiority in the Recognition of European and Asian Faces

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1237-1238
Author(s):  
M. S. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Task ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
Visual Hemifields ◽  
Similar Task

The present study was designed to examine whether there is a difference in hemispheric superiority in the recognition of European and Asian faces. A visual hemifield-presentation technique involving monocular testing was employed. Ten European subjects were presented a recognition task involving European faces and 10 other European subjects a similar task involving Asian faces. The data indicated no hemispheric superiority in either case; however, subjects made significantly more errors in recognising Asian faces than European faces in both visual hemifields.

Correlations among Measures of Performance on Sternberg's Item-Recognition Task

1994 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-897
Author(s):  
Don Diener
Keyword(s):  
Response Latency ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Item Recognition ◽  
Response Criterion ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Low Correlation ◽  
Item Recognition Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Measures Of Performance

Examination of the correlations among measures of performance on Sternberg's item-recognition task by 136 students showed a low correlation of. 38 between the slopes of the functions relating response latency to set size for positive and negative responses. The correlation between the mean latency of positive and negative responses was substantially higher (r =. 91) than that of the slopes. The low correlation between the slopes suggests a mechanism such as an adjustable response criterion that results in a tradeoff between response latency on positive and negative trials.

scholarly journals Acute effects of naturalistic THC vs. CBD use on recognition memory: a preliminary study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Curran ◽  
Hélène Devillez ◽  
Sophie L. YorkWilliams ◽  
L. Cinnamon Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Verbal Recognition ◽  
Memory Accuracy

Abstract The ratio of ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) varies widely across cannabis strains. CBD has opposite effects to THC on a variety of cognitive functions, including acute THC-induced memory impairments. However, additional data are needed, especially under naturalistic conditions with higher potency forms of cannabis, commonly available in legal markets. The goal of this study was to collect preliminary data on the acute effects of different THC:CBD ratios on memory testing in a brief verbal recognition task under naturalistic conditions, using legal-market Colorado dispensary products. Thirty-two regular cannabis users consumed cannabis of differing THC and CBD levels purchased from a dispensary and were assessed via blood draw and a verbal recognition memory test both before (pretest) and after (posttest) ad libitum home administration in a mobile laboratory. Memory accuracy decreased as post-use THC blood levels increased (n = 29), whereas performance showed no relationship to CBD blood levels. When controlling for post-use THC blood levels as a covariate, participants using primarily THC-based strains showed significantly worse memory accuracy post-use, whereas subjects using strains containing both THC and CBD showed no differences between pre- and post-use memory performance. Using a brief and sensitive verbal recognition task, our study demonstrated that naturalistic, acute THC use impairs memory in a dose dependent manner, whereas the combination of CBD and THC was not associated with impairment.

scholarly journals Identity salience facilitates Tibetan students’ group-reference effect using a remembering-knowing recognition paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxia Li
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Identity Salience ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social identity theory shows that individuals’ social identity can become salient in some contexts and affect their cognition and behavior. Little research has focused on the impact of ethnic identity salience on the group-reference effect in the remembering-knowing recognition task. Thus, the current study aims to examine this effect of ethnic identity salience. In Experiment 1 we recruited 26 Tibetan students and 30 Han Chinese students from a predominantly Han Chinese university. In Experiment 2, we selected 26 Tibetan students and 30 Han Chinese students from a predominantly Tibetan university. Two weeks before the experiment, all participants reported the baseline level of their social identity salience. After two weeks, each participant underwent a memory test. Tibetan students at the predominantly Han Chinese university showed evidence of higher ethnic identity salience and superior recognition memory performance during a Tibetan reference encoding task than during a Han Chinese reference encoding task (Experiment 1). However, Tibetan students at the Tibetan-majority university did not show this effect (Experiment 2). In comparison, Han Chinese participants did not show any social identity salience in the two experiments. The results show that the salient social identity had an effect on the group reference effect in a remembering-recognition memory test. The current study contributes to the past literature by providing a tentative further understanding of the relationship between social identity salience and remembering judgments.

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