The Control of Movement in the Preferred and Non-Preferred Hands

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Annett ◽  
Marian Annett ◽  
P. T. W. Hudson ◽  
Ann Turner
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Nonpreferred Hand ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Film Record

The nature of the difference in skill between the preferred and non-preferred hands was investigated using a peg-board task. The first experiment examined the effects of varying movement amplitude and target tolerance on performance. The difference between hands was found to be related to tolerance rather than movement amplitude. The second study analysed a film record of well-practised subjects, confirming the hypothesis that most of the difference between hands is due to relative slowness of the non-preferred hand in the positioning phase involving small corrective movements. Analysis of the type and number of errors further suggested that this result is not due to differences in duration of movements but to their increased frequency, implying greater accuracy of aiming with the preferred hand. Thus whilst the initial gross analysis implicated feedback processing in skill differences the more detailed analysis suggests that motor output of the nonpreferred hand is simply more variable.

Prolonged Practice of a Simple Motor Task by Preferred and Nonpreferred Hands

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Peters
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Finger Tapping ◽  
Simple Motor ◽  
Nonpreferred Hand ◽  
Simple Motor Task ◽  
The Difference

After prolonged practice (1300 10-sec trials) the tapping speed of the nonpreferred hand reached that of the preferred hand on a simple finger-tapping task. Analysis of the intertap intervals showed the variability of the duration of intertap intervals was smaller for the preferred than for the nonpreferred hand; the difference was not affected by the prolonged practice for N = 1.

scholarly journals Body side-specific changes in sensorimotor processing of movement feedback in a walking insect

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 2173-2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joscha Schmitz ◽  
Matthias Gruhn ◽  
Ansgar Büschges
Keyword(s):  
Stick Insect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Stimulus Velocity ◽  
Motor Processing ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Body Side ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Leg Kinematics

Feedback from load and movement sensors can modify timing and magnitude of the motor output in the stepping stick insect. One source of feedback is stretch reception by the femoral chordotonal organ (fCO), which encodes such parameters as the femorotibial (FTi) joint angle, the angular velocity, and its acceleration. Stimulation of the fCO causes a postural resistance reflex, during quiescence, and can elicit the opposite, so-called active reaction (AR), which assists ongoing flexion during active movements. In the present study, we investigated the role of fCO feedback for the difference in likelihood of generating ARs on the inside vs. the outside during curve stepping. We analyzed the effects of fCO stimulation on the motor output to the FTi and the neighboring coxa-trochanter and thorax-coxa joints of the middle leg. In inside and outside turns, the probability for ARs increases with increasing starting angle and decreasing stimulus velocity; furthermore, it is independent of the total angular excursion. However, the transition between stance and swing motor activity always occurs after a specific angular excursion, independent of the turning direction. Feedback from the fCO also has an excitatory influence on levator trochanteris motoneurons (MNs) during inside and outside turns, whereas the same feedback affects protractor coxae MNs only during outside steps. Our results suggest joint- and body side-dependent processing of fCO feedback. A shift in gain may be responsible for different AR probabilities between inside and outside turning, whereas the general control mechanism for ARs is unchanged. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that parameters of movement feedback from the tibia in an insect during curve walking are processed in a body side-specific manner, and how. From our results it is highly conceivable that the difference in motor response to the feedback supports the body side-specific leg kinematics during turning. Future studies will need to determine the source for the inputs that determine the local changes in sensory-motor processing.

scholarly journals Plastic Changes in Hand Proprioception Following Force-Field Motor Learning

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1213-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Goble ◽  
Joaquin A. Anguera
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Force Field ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Proprioceptive Function ◽  
New Evidence

Motor neurophysiologists are placing greater emphasis on sensory feedback processing than ever before. In line with this shift, a recent article by Ostry and colleagues provided timely new evidence that force-field motor learning influences not only motor output, but also proprioceptive sense. In this Neuro Forum, the merits and limitations of Ostry and colleagues are explored in the context of recent work on proprioceptive function, including several recent studies from this journal.

Developmental profile of slow hand movement oscillation coupling in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 2204-2212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Deutsch ◽  
John A. Stephens ◽  
Simon F. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Hand Movement ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Emg Signal ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Central Origin ◽  
Motor Unit Synchronization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Extensor Carpi Radialis

In adults, slow hand and finger movements are characterized by 6- to 12-Hz discontinuities visible in the raw records and spectra of motion signals such as acceleration. This pulsitile behavior is correlated with motor unit synchronization at 6–12 Hz as shown by significant coherence at these frequencies between pairs of motor units and between the motor units and the acceleration recorded from the limb part controlled by the muscle, suggesting that it has a central origin. In this study, we examined the correlation between this 6- to 12-Hz pulsatile behavior and muscle activity as a function of childhood development. Sixty-eight participants (ages 4–25 yr) performed static wrist extensions against gravity or slow wrist extension and flexion movements while extensor carpi radialis muscle electromyographic (EMG) and wrist acceleration signals were simultaneously recorded. Coherence between EMG and acceleration within the 6- to 12-Hz frequency band was used as an index of the strength of the relation between central drive and the motor output. The main findings of the study are 1) EMG-acceleration coherence increased with increases in age, with the age differences being greater under movement conditions and the difference between conditions increasing with age; 2) the EMG signal showed increases in normalized power with increases in age under both conditions; and 3) coherence under movement conditions was moderately positively correlated with manual dexterity. These findings indicate that the strength of the 6- to 12-Hz central oscillatory drive to the motor output increases through childhood development and may contribute to age-related improvements in motor skills.

scholarly journals Właściwości układu oddechowego młodzieży warszawskiej a zanieczyszczenie środowiska

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Dorota Strzyżewska
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Difference

This work presents studies on secondary school children inhabiting two regions of Warsaw: Śródmieście (Central part) and Międzylesie (East part). These two locations significantly differ according to air pollution, which is much higher in Śródmieście than in Międzylesie. the sample consist of 219 boys and 225 girls aged 13-16 years. The main aim of this work concerns the evaluation of physical development (body height and weight, BMI and chest circumference, Marty index – chest circ./height) and respiratory parameters (VC, Ziemssen index – VC/height, MV, FEV1 RR, TV, IRV, ERV, Ap) of studied children depending on the place of residence. The data were presented in “z” scores and the difference was calculated using t-test for independent samples. The results show that there were not significant differences in body build as well as in most respiratory functions between children from the Central and East parts of Warsaw. The significant differences were found for IRV and Ap which were greater in children from Śródmieście and for TV and MV which were greater in girls from Międzylesie. The more detailed analysis of these studies, including data concerning living conditions of studied children and smoking habits within their families is under preparation.

scholarly journals Indicators of Technical and Tactical Actions of Qualified Air Rifle Shooters

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
A. P. Demichkovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Total Execution Time ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Competitive Activity ◽  
Time Parameters ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Air Rifle

The purpose of the study was to define informative indicators of technical and tactical actions of qualified rifle shooting athletes. Materials and methods. The study involved MSU (number of athletes n = 10), CMSU (number of athletes n = 9). To solve the tasks set, the following research methods were used: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation. Pedagogical observation was used to study the peculiarities of technical and tactical indicators of qualified athletes, as well as their motor abilities; methods of mathematical statistics were used to process the experimental data. Results. A detailed analysis of competitive activity made it possible to determine that the shot phases “Aiming”, “Shot execution – active shot”, “Preparation for the shot” are informative indicators of technical and tactical actions of qualified rifle shooting athletes. The study determined time parameters of the phases during competitive activity. The difference between the average indicators of the athletes with different sports qualifications is at the limit of 2.55 seconds, which suggests that the duration of the restorative processes of the shooter’s body affects the performance of each shot.  Conclusions. A detailed analysis of air rifle shooting among men during competitive activity allowed to determine the difference in technical and tactical fitness between the athletes with different sports qualifications of MSU and CMSU levels: “Aiming” – MSU 950.56 seconds, CMSU 1017.91 seconds; “Shot execution – active shot” – MSU 964.45 seconds, CMSU 952.36 seconds; “Preparation for the shot” – MSU 1678.66 seconds, CMSU 1855.19 seconds, “Total execution time” – MSU 3593.68 seconds, CMSU 3825.47 seconds.

Jeremiah’s Call and Jacob’s Birth: A Test Case for Investigating Prophetic Influence on the Book of Genesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (7) ◽  
pp. 325-333
Author(s):  
Il-Seung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Test Case ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Book Of Genesis ◽  
Present Text

The present study explores prophetic influence on the present text of Genesis. It argues that the account of the birth of Jacob (Gen. 25:19–26) is modeled largely on the account of Jeremiah’s call (Jer. 1:1–10). Both accounts follow a pattern of background, conception, and fateful hand. A detailed analysis of two passages (Jer. 1:1–10 and Gen. 25:19–26) indicates a possibility that the writing of Genesis is partly dependent on Jeremiah. No matter how great the difference between the two texts seems, Genesis shows acquaintance with Jeremiah’s prophetic message.

Composition

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-230
Author(s):  
A. J. Cotnoir ◽  
Achille C. Varzi
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Composition As Identity ◽  
Special Composition Question ◽  
Null Object ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mereological Composition ◽  
Special Composition

This chapter explores the philosophical and formal issues surrounding mereological composition. It carefully examines the difference between three main types of fusion: algebraic joins, Leśniewski sums, and Goodman fusions. It also examines different views about their conditions of existence (the so-called ‘special composition question’), including the controversial doctrines of mereological universalism, nihilism, and restricted theories of composition. Next it considers whether fusions are unique and how this impacts extensionality, including presenting a detailed analysis of the thesis known as ‘composition as identity’. A number of ‘structural’ conceptions of composition (and related algebraic principles) are then examined. Finally, parallel to questions about a null object, atomism, and ‘atomless gunk’, the existence of a universal object and the ideas of ‘worldless junk’, and coatomism are considered.

scholarly journals Generalization of Dynamics Learning Across Changes in Movement Amplitude

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 426-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. G. Mattar ◽  
David J. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Force Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Training Task ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Contrast Studies

Studies on generalization show the nature of how learning is encoded in the brain. Previous studies have shown rather limited generalization of dynamics learning across changes in movement direction, a finding that is consistent with the idea that learning is primarily local. In contrast, studies show a broader pattern of generalization across changes in movement amplitude, suggesting a more general form of learning. To understand this difference, we performed an experiment in which subjects held a robotic manipulandum and made movements to targets along the body midline. Subjects were trained in a velocity-dependent force field while moving to a 15 cm target. After training, subjects were tested for generalization using movements to a 30 cm target. We used force channels in conjunction with movements to the 30 cm target to assess the extent of generalization. Force channels restricted lateral movements and allowed us to measure force production during generalization. We compared actual lateral forces to the forces expected if dynamics learning generalized fully. We found that, during the test for generalization, subjects produced reliably less force than expected. Force production was appropriate for the portion of the transfer movement in which velocities corresponded to those experienced with the 15 cm target. Subjects failed to produce the expected forces when velocities exceeded those experienced in the training task. This suggests that dynamics learning generalizes little beyond the range of one's experience. Consistent with this result, subjects who trained on the 30 cm target showed full generalization to the 15 cm target. We performed two additional experiments that show that interleaved trials to the 30 cm target during training on the 15 cm target can resolve the difference between the current results and those reported previously.

scholarly journals The Prioritization of Verb over Subject in Teaching the Sentence Structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Imran Muhammad ◽  
Mamuna Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Translation Method ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Master's Level ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Grass Root Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

The prior contribution of present study is its focus on verb rather than subject in commencing teaching sentence structure. Firstly, this paper deals with a detailed analysis of stative and dynamic verbs and stipulates how the difference between subject and agent comes down to is, by projection on the part of either stative verb or dynamic verb. Secondly, in Pakistan where more often than not, ELT practices in class rooms from grass root level to master’s level look to grammar translation method, two theta roles i.e. subject and agent are conspicuous by their absence. Therefore, this paper reasons out their absence and the difficulty, in explaining the subject and agent, faced by the teaching staff members working in schools and colleges in the south southern part of Punjab, Pakistan. Finally, the study culminated that the teaching of verb prior to subject is sine qua non for teaching the sentence structure.

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