scholarly journals Generalization of Dynamics Learning Across Changes in Movement Amplitude

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 426-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. G. Mattar ◽  
David J. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Force Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Training Task ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Contrast Studies

Studies on generalization show the nature of how learning is encoded in the brain. Previous studies have shown rather limited generalization of dynamics learning across changes in movement direction, a finding that is consistent with the idea that learning is primarily local. In contrast, studies show a broader pattern of generalization across changes in movement amplitude, suggesting a more general form of learning. To understand this difference, we performed an experiment in which subjects held a robotic manipulandum and made movements to targets along the body midline. Subjects were trained in a velocity-dependent force field while moving to a 15 cm target. After training, subjects were tested for generalization using movements to a 30 cm target. We used force channels in conjunction with movements to the 30 cm target to assess the extent of generalization. Force channels restricted lateral movements and allowed us to measure force production during generalization. We compared actual lateral forces to the forces expected if dynamics learning generalized fully. We found that, during the test for generalization, subjects produced reliably less force than expected. Force production was appropriate for the portion of the transfer movement in which velocities corresponded to those experienced with the 15 cm target. Subjects failed to produce the expected forces when velocities exceeded those experienced in the training task. This suggests that dynamics learning generalizes little beyond the range of one's experience. Consistent with this result, subjects who trained on the 30 cm target showed full generalization to the 15 cm target. We performed two additional experiments that show that interleaved trials to the 30 cm target during training on the 15 cm target can resolve the difference between the current results and those reported previously.

scholarly journals Direction-dependent arm kinematics reveal optimal integration of gravity cues

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremie Gaveau ◽  
Bastien Berret ◽  
Dora E Angelaki ◽  
Charalambos Papaxanthis
Keyword(s):  
Internal Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Gravity Force ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Skilled Movement ◽  
Arm Kinematics ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
The Brain

The brain has evolved an internal model of gravity to cope with life in the Earth's gravitational environment. How this internal model benefits the implementation of skilled movement has remained unsolved. One prevailing theory has assumed that this internal model is used to compensate for gravity's mechanical effects on the body, such as to maintain invariant motor trajectories. Alternatively, gravity force could be used purposely and efficiently for the planning and execution of voluntary movements, thereby resulting in direction-depending kinematics. Here we experimentally interrogate these two hypotheses by measuring arm kinematics while varying movement direction in normal and zero-G gravity conditions. By comparing experimental results with model predictions, we show that the brain uses the internal model to implement control policies that take advantage of gravity to minimize movement effort.

scholarly journals Range Of Motion (ROM) Spherical Grip dapat Meningkatkan Kekuatan Otot Ekstremitas Atas Pasien Stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Gina Dwi Anggraini ◽  
Septiyanti Septiyanti ◽  
Dahrizal Dahrizal
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Muscle Testing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Stroke is lost brain function caused by stop his blood supply to the brain. As a result of the disruption of oxygen to the brain needs can occur the clinical manifestations included the weakness of some or all of the body limbs, one of over ekstremities so that the patient could not doing the activity because of the limbs weakness and they needs exercise for preveting disability. Objective is Know the effect of Range Of Motion (ROM) Spherical Grip on muscle strenght of upper extremity on stroke patients. The research used quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest with control group. The population in this study is all stroke patients in the neurological specialist RSUD dr. M. Yunus of Bengkulu City. The Sampling technique used is Cluster Sampling. The number of sample is 32. Instruments used for manual muscle testing. Test for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and analysis techniques using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test  and Mann-Whitney with 95% confidence level (  = 0,05). Muscle strenght of the finger mean in the control group 2,44 increase to 2,63 with the difference 0,1875. In the intervention group mean 2,44 increase to 3,13 with the difference 0,6875. Muscle strenght of the wrist mean in the control group 2,38 increase to 2,56 with the difference 0,1875. In the intervention group mean 2,25 increase to 3,00 with the difference 0,75. The result obtained p-value 0,011 finger hand and p-value 0,027 wrist. Exercise Range Of Motion (ROM) Spherical Grip is effective in increase muscle strenght of over extremities on stroke patients.

Global vorticity shedding for a shrinking cylinder

2012 ◽  
Vol 702 ◽  
pp. 470-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Weymouth ◽  
M. S. Triantafyllou
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Circular Cylinder ◽  
Model Problem ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

AbstractWe study numerically the viscous flow around a steadily moving two-dimensional cylinder undergoing a rapid reduction in its diameter as a model problem for force production through shape change which is encountered in the locomotion of certain animals. We consider first the case of a rapidly collapsing circular cylinder in steady translation, starting from an original diameter and reaching a final, smaller diameter under prescribed kinematics. We show that the difference in added mass energy is recovered by the body, and the boundary layer vorticity is reduced through annihilation with opposite-sign vorticity generated during the reduction phase. Next we consider a steadily moving circular cylinder which undergoes rapid but orderly melting, resulting in the same reduction of its diameter but which exhibits radically different flow patterns compared to the collapsing cylinder. The original vorticity in the boundary layer is shed instantaneously and globally in the fluid at the start of the melting phase, and then rapidly rolls up to form a pair of strong vortices, which contain the energy difference between the original and final cylinder states. The formation of the vortices in the melting cylinder takes less than a third of the time required by a rigid translating cylinder to form such vortices.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN CT-SCAN NEOPLASMA INTRAKRANIAL DI BAGIAN / SMF RADIOLOGI FK UNSRAT RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO PERIODE OKTOBER 2014 - SEPTEMBER 2015

e-CliniC ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maharani Dewi ◽  
Elvie Loho ◽  
Vonny N. Tubagus
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Primary Brain Tumor ◽  
Study Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intracranial Neoplasms ◽  
Brain Ct Scan ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Abstract: Brain is a vital organ that plays very important roles for the body. One of  diseases that attacks the brain is brain tumor. A radiology modality, the CT scan, is very valuable for diagnosis and evaluation the suspected brain tumor. It can be used to evaluate the difference between tumor tissue and others, especially by using contrast agents. This study aimed to identify the CT Scan imaging of patients with intracranial neoplasms. This was a descriptive retrospective study. Data were obtained  from the request form sheets and radiographic results of brain CT-Scan in the Department of Radiology Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. Samples were patients that were radiologically diagnosed as primary brain tumor. The results showed that of the 171 data of SOL intracranial patients, 59 patients (34.5%) had been radiologically diagnosed as intracranial neoplasms. There were more females (62.7%) than males (37.3%). The age group, 36-45 years was the largest with 15 patients (25.4%). The area of most lesions was parietal lobe with 16 cases (27.1%). The most frequent diagnosis was meningioma (45.8%). Keywords: intracranial neoplasm, CT scan Abstrak: Otak merupakan organ vital yang berperan sangat penting bagi tubuh. Salah satu penyakit yang banyak menyerang otak ialah tumor otak. Modalitas radiologi yang penting dalam evaluasi pasien yang diduga tumor otak ialah CT-Scan. Dengan menggunakan CT-Scan dapat terlihat perbedaan antara jaringan tumor yang satu dengan yang lain, dan dapat diperjelas dengan penggunaan zat kontras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran CT-Scan penderita neoplasma intrakranial. Jenis penelitian deskriptif retrospektif. Data diambil dari lembaran permintaan dan jawaban CT-Scan otak di Bagian Radiologi RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Sampel yang diambil ialah pasien dengan gambaran radiologi tumor intrakranial primer. Berdasarkan 171 data pasien SOL intrakranial yang didapat, 59 pasien dengan diagnosis radiologis neoplasma intrakranial; lebih banyak perempuan (62,7%) dibandingkan laki-laki (37,3%). Berdasarkan kelompok umur, didapatkan  paling banyak pada kelompok umur 36-45 tahun (25,4%). Lokasi paling banyak ditemukan lesi ialah lobus parietalis (27,1%). Jenis tumor intrakranial terbanyak ialah meningioma (45,8%).Kata kunci: neoplasma intrakranial, computed tomography scan

scholarly journals Comparative morphometry of the brainstem of the male and female Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Mohammed Adam ◽  
Barth Izuchukwu Onyeanusi ◽  
Joseph Olusegun Hambolu ◽  
Suleiman Folorunsho Ambali ◽  
Chikera Samuel Ibe
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain base-line morphometric data on the whole brain and brainstem in the adult male and female helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), and compare the result in the two sexes. Brain samples of seventy adult helmeted guinea fowls, comprising 35 males and 35 females, intended for slaughter, were extracted for the study. The body weights for both male and female helmeted guinea fowls were 1247 ± 5.51 g and 1230 ± 4.85 g, respectively. The mean brain weights were 3.39 ± 0.02 g and 3.47 ± 0.18 g for male and female, respectively, and the difference in the values was not significant (P > 0.05). The lengths of the brain and medulla oblongata, as well as the lengths of the midbrain and mesencephalic tectum, did not differ between the two sexes. Neither the mean weights nor lengths of the pons differed between the two sexes. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that there was no sex dimorphism observed in the morphometry of the midbrain, medulla oblongata and pons in the helmeted guinea fowl.

scholarly journals Comparative morphometry of the brainstem of the male and female Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
Mohammed Adam ◽  
Barth Izuchukwu Onyeanusi ◽  
Joseph Olusegun Hambolu ◽  
Suleiman Folorunsho Ambali ◽  
Chikera Samuel Ibe
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
The Body ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain base-line morphometric data on the whole brain and brainstem in the adult male and female helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), and compare the result in the two sexes. Brain samples of seventy adult helmeted guinea fowls, comprising 35 males and 35 females, intended for slaughter, were extracted for the study. The body weights for both male and female helmeted guinea fowls were 1247 ± 5.51 g and 1230 ± 4.85 g, respectively. The mean brain weights were 3.39 ± 0.02 g and 3.47 ± 0.18 g for male and female, respectively, and the difference in the values was not significant (P > 0.05). The lengths of the brain and medulla oblongata, as well as the lengths of the midbrain and mesencephalic tectum, did not differ between the two sexes. Neither the mean weights nor lengths of the pons differed between the two sexes. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that there was no sex dimorphism observed in the morphometry of the midbrain, medulla oblongata and pons in the helmeted guinea fowl.

scholarly journals Tinjauan Kritis Neurosains Terhadap Konsep Qalb Menurut Al-Ghazali

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-87
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nasruddin ◽  
Abdul Muiz
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spiritual Intelligence ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

The human body was created very special by God. inside there is a special body part in the form of the brain, and neuroscience is the science that discusses in full the brain from various scientific disciplines. In the study of Islam, qalb is the most important part in the good and bad quality of human faith which is studied in depth in Sufism to the purity of the soul. And Imam Al-Ghazali became one of the Sufi figures who explained in detail about the Qalb. That neuroscience views qalb in Islam as part of the human brain, on the functional basis between the brain and qalb both receive information, spiritual intelligence / qalbiah, spiritual, controlling / coordinating center of the body, and emotional. The brain and qalb, according to Al-Ghazali, both have similarities in the four elements namely controlling the body, knowledge, emotions, and spirituality. And the difference between the two, namely the two different dimensions between the scientific and divine dimensions, so the benchmarks of truth are very different.

scholarly journals A Neurocommunication Model between the Brain and Liver Regarding Glucose Production and Secretion in Early Morning Using GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 324)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Postprandial Plasma Glucose ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
The Brain

This article address the author’s hypothesis on the neurocommunication model existing between the brain and liver regarding production and glucose secretion in the early morning. This is based on the observation of the difference between glucose at wake up moment in the morning for the fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glucose at the first bite of breakfast for the glucose at 0-minute or “open glucose” of postprandial plasma glucose (PPG). All of the eight identified glucoses of breakfast PPG are higher than the eight glucoses at time of wake up by a difference of an average of 8 mg/dL. The value difference using Method B of CGM sensor glucoses during the COVID-19 period offers the most accurate picture and credible glucose difference of 8 mg/dL between his FPG at wake-up moment and PPG at the first bite of breakfast. The author believes that the brain senses when a person wakes up due to different kinds of stimuli from many sources, including eye, environment, and even internal organs, which will alert the body to be in “active” mode requiring “energy” through glucose. Even though the person has not eaten anything or is not actively moving, the brain issues a marching order to the liver to produce or release glucose for the body to use in the forthcoming day. This hypothesis can currently explain why his glucose of eating his breakfast is ~8 mg/dL higher than his FPG at wakeup.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

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