Amnesics Have a Disproportionately Severe Memopry Deficit for Interactive Context

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Mayes ◽  
Chris MacDonald ◽  
Lesley Donlan ◽  
Julian Pears ◽  
Peter R. Meudell
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Frontal Lobe Damage ◽  
High Level ◽  
Target Words

Two experiments were used to compare the recognition memory of amnesic and normal subjects for intentionally encoded words (targets) and for incidentally encoded words that were meaningfully related to the targets and presented at the same time (interactive context). In both experiments the target recognition of the two groups was matched at a high level by presenting the amnesics with much shorter lists of words to remember. Experiment 1 compared 20 amnesics and their matched controls and showed that whereas the amnesics' recognition of the target words did not benefit significantly when they were presented together with their interactive context words (relative to their recognition when the target words were presented alone), that of the controls did. Experiment 2 compared 14 amnesics and their matched controls and showed that when patients and their controls were matched on their target word recognition in isolation, then the patients still showed worse recognition for the interactive context words. These effects were not found only in Korsakoff patients, and their size did not correlate with behavioural measures of frontal-lobe damage. It is concluded that amnesics may be more impaired at recognizing incidentally encoded interactive context than they are at recognizing target material, and this deficit may be an essential feature of the syndrome.

Orthographic and phonological parafoveal processing of consonants, vowels, and tones when reading Thai

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEATHER WINSKEL
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Tone ◽  
Parafoveal Processing ◽  
Subsequent Processing ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTFour eye movement experiments investigated whether readers use parafoveal input to gain information about the phonological or orthographic forms of consonants, vowels, and tones in word recognition when reading Thai silently. Target words were presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews in which consonant, vowel, or tone information was manipulated. Previews of homophonous consonants (Experiment 1) and concordant vowels (Experiment 2) did not substantially facilitate processing of the target word, whereas the identical previews did. Hence, orthography appears to be playing the prominent role in early word recognition for consonants and vowels. Incorrect tone marker previews (Experiment 3) substantially retarded the subsequent processing of the target word, indicating that lexical tone plays an important role in early word recognition. Vowels in VOP (Experiment 4) did not facilitate processing, which points to vowel position being a significant factor. Primarily, orthographic codes of consonants and vowels (HOP) in conjunction with tone information are assembled from parafoveal input and used for early lexical access.

scholarly journals The Effects of Onset and Offset Masking on the Time Course of Non-Native Spoken-Word Recognition in Noise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hintz ◽  
Cesko Voeten ◽  
James McQueen ◽  
Odette Scharenborg
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Word Onset ◽  
Intermittent Noise ◽  
Noise Experiment ◽  
Target Words

Using the visual-word paradigm, the present study investigated the effects of word onset and offset masking on the time course of non-native spoken-word recognition in the presence of background noise. In two experiments, Dutch non-native listeners heard English target words, preceded by carrier sentences that were noise-free (Experiment 1) or contained intermittent noise (Experiment 2). Target words were either onset- or offset-masked or not masked at all. Results showed that onset masking delayed target word recognition more than offset masking did, suggesting that – similar to natives – non-native listeners strongly rely on word onset information during word recognition in noise.

Effect of Story Context on Children's Ongoing Word Recognition

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Schwantes
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Reading Time ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Specific Target ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Target Words

In this study, the reading time of specific target words embedded within an extended and meaningful story context was measured. The target words were either congruous or incongruous with the story context. Results indicated that the mean difference between these target word types did not significantly vary between third and sixth grade children when these words were presented in isolation. However, this mean reading time difference between target types was found to be greater for the younger as compared to the older readers when these words were embedded within the story context. These findings extend prior work in this area and indicate that developmental differences in context effects during ongoing word recognition are present under conditions which require the comprehension and memory of extended and specific story material. The results are discussed in terms of an interactive-compensatory model of reading.

Phonology and Orthography in Visual Word Recognition: Evidence from Masked Non-Word Priming

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovic Ferrand ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Target Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prime Duration ◽  
Word Priming

Three lexical decision experiments in French investigated the effects of briefly presented forward-masked non-word primes on latencies to phonologically and/or orthographically related targets. At 64-msec prime presentation durations, primes that are pseudohomophones of the target produced facilitatory effects compared to orthographic controls, but these orthographically similar non-word primes did not facilitate target recognition compared to unrelated controls. These results were obtained independently of target word frequency and independently of the presence or absence of pseudohomophone targets in the experimental lists. With a 32-msec prime duration, on the other hand, pseudohomophone and orthographic primes had similar effects on target recognition, both producing facilitation relative to unrelated controls. The results are discussed in terms of the time course of phonological and orthographic code activation in the processing of pronounceable strings of letters.

Amplitude (vu and rms) and Temporal (msec) Measures of Two Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 Recordings

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 346-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Male Speaker ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Target Words

Background: In 1940, a cooperative effort by the radio networks and Bell Telephone produced the volume unit (vu) meter that has been the mainstay instrument for monitoring the level of speech signals in commercial broadcasting and research laboratories. With the use of computers, today the amplitude of signals can be quantified easily using the root mean square (rms) algorithm. Researchers had previously reported that amplitude estimates of sentences and running speech were 4.8 dB higher when measured with a vu meter than when calculated with rms. This study addresses the vu–rms relation as applied to the carrier phrase and target word paradigm used to assess word-recognition abilities, the premise being that by definition the word-recognition paradigm is a special and different case from that described previously. Purpose: The purpose was to evaluate the vu and rms amplitude relations for the carrier phrases and target words commonly used to assess word-recognition abilities. In addition, the relations with the target words between rms level and recognition performance were examined. Research Design: Descriptive and correlational. Study Sample: Two recoded versions of the Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 were evaluated, the Auditec of St. Louis (Auditec) male speaker and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) female speaker. Data Collection and Analysis: Using both visual and auditory cues from a waveform editor, the temporal onsets and offsets were defined for each carrier phrase and each target word. The rms amplitudes for those segments then were computed and expressed in decibels with reference to the maximum digitization range. The data were maintained for each of the four Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 word lists. Descriptive analyses were used with linear regressions used to evaluate the reliability of the measurement technique and the relation between the rms levels of the target words and recognition performances. Results: Although there was a 1.3 dB difference between the calibration tones, the mean levels of the carrier phrases for the two recordings were −14.8 dB (Auditec) and −14.1 dB (VA) with standard deviations <1 dB. For the target words, the mean amplitudes were −19.9 dB (Auditec) and −18.3 dB (VA) with standard deviations ranging from 1.3 to 2.4 dB. The mean durations for the carrier phrases of both recordings were 593–594 msec, with the mean durations of the target words a little different, 509 msec (Auditec) and 528 msec (VA). Random relations were observed between the recognition performances and rms levels of the target words. Amplitude and temporal data for the individual words are provided. Conclusions: The rms levels of the carrier phrases closely approximated (±1 dB) the rms levels of the calibration tones, both of which were set to 0 vu (dB). The rms levels of the target words were 5–6 dB below the levels of the carrier phrases and were substantially more variable than the levels of the carrier phrases. The relation between the rms levels of the target words and recognition performances on the words was random.

Activation and Elaboration Effects in Recognition and Word Priming

1986 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mandler ◽  
Peter Graf ◽  
Dolores Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Word Priming ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Word Completion ◽  
Indirect Activation ◽  
Target Words

Two experiments investigated the effect of direct and indirect activation on subsequent accessibility to individual items. In the first experiment, words were semantically processed in the context of either phonologically (rhyming) or conceptually (categorical) related words and tested subsequently for recognition and word completion. On the completion test the initial three letters of a word are presented for completion. The previously presented target word is one of several possible completions. The presence of different contexts had no differential effect either on recognition memory—which persisted at high levels for two days—or on completion—which decayed in the course of about 15 min. In the second experiment, the contexts were presented but the target words were not. Thus the rhyming and categorical contexts were directly activated but not the actual words that were scored on the subsequent tests. Prior activation of phonologically similar items affected both recognition and completion performance on immediate testing, but not after 10 min. Conceptual activation affected only recognition—an effect that lasted for a period of days. Completion performance demonstrates access to the integration component of recognition. The results were compared with attempts to demonstrate independence of recognition and completion.

scholarly journals The Processing of the Second Syllable in Recognizing Chinese Disyllabic Spoken Words: Evidence From Eye Tracking

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youxi Wang ◽  
Xuelian Zang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Wei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Spoken Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Competition Effect ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Target Words

In the current study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the processing of the second syllable (which was considered as the rhyme at the word level) during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition using a printed-word paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants heard a spoken target word and were simultaneously presented with a visual display of four printed words: a target word, a phonological competitor, and two unrelated distractors. The phonological competitors were manipulated to share either full phonemic overlap of the second syllable with targets (the syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 小篆, xiao3zhuan4, “calligraphy” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) or the initial phonemic overlap of the second syllable (the sub-syllabic overlap condition; e.g., 圆柱, yuan2zhu4, “cylinder” vs. 公转, gong1zhuan4, “revolution”) with targets. Participants were asked to select the target words and their eye movements were simultaneously recorded. The results did not show any phonological competition effect in either the syllabic overlap condition or the sub-syllabic overlap condition. In Experiment 2, to maximize the likelihood of observing the phonological competition effect, a target-absent version of the printed-word paradigm was adopted, in which target words were removed from the visual display. The results of Experiment 2 showed significant phonological competition effects in both conditions, i.e., more fixations were made to the phonological competitors than to the distractors. Moreover, the phonological competition effect was found to be larger in the syllabic overlap condition than in the sub-syllabic overlap condition. These findings shed light on the effect of the second syllable competition at the word level during spoken word recognition and, more importantly, showed that the initial phonemes of the second syllable at the syllabic level are also accessed during Chinese disyllabic spoken word recognition.

Sentence context effects in bilingual word recognition: Cognate status, sentence language, and semantic constraint

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
TON DIJKSTRA ◽  
JANET G. VAN HELL ◽  
PASCAL BRENDERS
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Sentence Context ◽  
Semantic Constraint ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Target Words

In two lexical decision experiments, we investigated how sentence language affects the bilingual's recognition of target words from the same or a different language. Dutch–English bilinguals read Dutch (L1) or English (L2) sentences, presented word by word, followed by English (Experiment 1) or Dutch (Experiment 2) target words. Targets were Dutch–English cognates or non-cognates in isolation or preceded by sentences providing a high or a low semantic constraint. English cognates were facilitated irrespective of whether they were preceded by high or low constraining English sentences (no language switch) or Dutch sentences (switch). For Dutch cognates, inhibition effects arose in low constraining sentences (irrespective of Dutch or English) and in English (switch) sentences (irrespective of semantic constraint). Thus, under mixed language conditions, sentence constraint modulates target word processing but does not always completely eliminate cross-linguistic effects. The results are interpreted in a BIA+ model that extends monolingual views on sentence comprehension.

Reactivity of Judgments of Learning in a Levels-of-Processing Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eylul Tekin ◽  
Henry L. Roediger
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Pleasantness Rating ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
Counting Task ◽  
Reactive Effect ◽  
Target Words

Abstract. Recent studies have shown that judgments of learning (JOLs) are reactive measures in paired-associate learning paradigms. However, evidence is scarce concerning whether JOLs are reactive in other paradigms. In old/new recognition experiments, we investigated the reactivity effects of JOLs in a levels-of-processing (LOP) paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2, for each word, subjects saw a yes/no orienting question followed by the target word and a response. Then, they either did or did not make a JOL. The yes/no questions were about target words’ appearances, rhyming properties, or category memberships. In Experiment 3, for each word, subjects gave a pleasantness rating or counted the letter “e ”. Our results revealed that JOLs enhanced recognition across all orienting tasks in Experiments 1 and 2, and for the e-counting task in Experiment 3. This reactive effect was salient for shallow tasks, attenuating – but not eliminating – the LOP effect after making JOLs. We conclude that JOLs are reactive in LOP paradigms and subjects encode words more effectively when providing JOLs.

The Sound of Enemies and Friends in the Neighborhood

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 454-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Pecher ◽  
Inge Boot ◽  
Saskia van Dantzig ◽  
Carol J. Madden ◽  
David E. Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Orthographic Neighborhood ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Semantic Class ◽  
Orthographic Neighbors ◽  
Target Words

Previous studies (e.g., Pecher, Zeelenberg, & Wagenmakers, 2005) found that semantic classification performance is better for target words with orthographic neighbors that are mostly from the same semantic class (e.g., living) compared to target words with orthographic neighbors that are mostly from the opposite semantic class (e.g., nonliving). In the present study we investigated the contribution of phonology to orthographic neighborhood effects by comparing effects of phonologically congruent orthographic neighbors (book-hook) to phonologically incongruent orthographic neighbors (sand-wand). The prior presentation of a semantically congruent word produced larger effects on subsequent animacy decisions when the previously presented word was a phonologically congruent neighbor than when it was a phonologically incongruent neighbor. In a second experiment, performance differences between target words with versus without semantically congruent orthographic neighbors were larger if the orthographic neighbors were also phonologically congruent. These results support models of visual word recognition that assume an important role for phonology in cascaded access to meaning.

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