Methods to collect and interpret external training load using microtechnology incorporating GPS in professional football: a systematic review

This study aimed to compare the training load of a professional under-19 soccer team (U-19) to that of an elite adult team (EAT), from the same club, during the in-season period. Thirty-nine healthy soccer players were involved (EAT [n = 20]; U-19 [n = 19]) in the study which spanned four weeks. Training load (TL) was monitored as external TL, using a global positioning system (GPS), and internal TL, using a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). TL data were recorded after each training session. During soccer matches, players’ RPEs were recorded. The internal TL was quantified daily by means of the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) using Borg’s 0–10 scale. For GPS data, the selected running speed intensities (over 0.5 s time intervals) were 12–15.9 km/h; 16–19.9 km/h; 20–24.9 km/h; >25 km/h (sprint). Distances covered between 16 and 19.9 km/h, > 20 km/h and >25 km/h were significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT over the course of the study (p =0.023, d = 0.243, small; p = 0.016, d = 0.298, small; and p = 0.001, d = 0.564, small, respectively). EAT players performed significantly fewer sprints per week compared to U-19 players (p = 0.002, d = 0.526, small). RPE was significantly higher in U-19 compared to EAT (p =0.001, d = 0.188, trivial). The external and internal measures of TL were significantly higher in the U-19 group compared to the EAT soccer players. In conclusion, the results obtained show that the training load is greater in U19 compared to EAT.

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Within-Subject Correlation Between Salivary IgA and Measures of Training Load in Elite Football Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2018-0455 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 847-849 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pedro Figueiredo ◽

George P. Nassis ◽

João Brito

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Football Players ◽

Positioning Systems ◽

External Training ◽

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin A

Purpose: To quantify the association between salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and training load in elite football players. Methods: Data were obtained on 4 consecutive days during the preparation camp for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Saliva samples of 18 elite male football players were collected prior to breakfast. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training-load metrics from global positioning systems (GPS) were recorded. Within-subject correlation coefficients between training load and sIgA concentration, and magnitude of relationships, were calculated. Results: sIgA presented moderate to large negative correlations with s-RPE (r = −.39), total distance covered (r = −.55), accelerations (r = −.52), and decelerations (r = −.48). Trivial to small associations were detected between sIgA and distance covered per minute (r = .01), high-speed distance (r = −.23), and number of sprints (r = −.18). sIgA displayed a likely moderate decrease from day 1 to day 2 (d = −0.7) but increased on day 3 (d = 0.6). The training-load variables had moderate to very large rises from day 1 to day 2 (d = 0.7 to 3.2) but lowered from day 2 to day 3 (d = −5.0 to −0.4), except for distance per minute (d = 0.8) and sprints (unclear). On day 3, all training-load variables had small to large increments compared with day 1 (d = 0.4 to 1.5), except for accelerations (d = −0.8) and decelerations (unclear). Conclusions: In elite football, sIgA might be more responsive to training volume than to intensity. External load such as GPS-derived variables presented stronger association with sIgA than with s-RPE. sIgA can be used as an additional objective tool in monitoring football players.

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Positional Differences in Elite Basketball: Selecting Appropriate Training-Load Measures

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2017-0534 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 947-952 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Luka Svilar ◽

Julen Castellano ◽

Igor Jukic ◽

David Casamichana

Keyword(s):

Principal Components ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Principal Component ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

External Variables ◽

Load Monitoring ◽

External Training ◽

Almost All

Purpose: To study the structure of interrelationships among external-training-load measures and how these vary among different positions in elite basketball. Methods: Eight external variables of jumping (JUMP), acceleration (ACC), deceleration (DEC), and change of direction (COD) and 2 internal-load variables (rating of perceived exertion [RPE] and session RPE) were collected from 13 professional players with 300 session records. Three playing positions were considered: guards (n = 4), forwards (n = 4), and centers (n = 5). High and total external variables (hJUMP and tJUMP, hACC and tACC, hDEC and tDEC, and hCOD and tCOD) were used for the principal-component analysis. Extraction criteria were set at an eigenvalue of greater than 1. Varimax rotation mode was used to extract multiple principal components. Results: The analysis showed that all positions had 2 or 3 principal components (explaining almost all of the variance), but the configuration of each factor was different: tACC, tDEC, tCOD, and hJUMP for centers; hACC, tACC, tCOD, and hJUMP for guards; and tACC, hDEC, tDEC, hCOD, and tCOD for forwards are specifically demanded in training sessions, and therefore these variables must be prioritized in load monitoring. Furthermore, for all playing positions, RPE and session RPE have high correlation with the total amount of ACC, DEC, and COD. This would suggest that although players perform the same training tasks, the demands of each position can vary. Conclusion: A particular combination of external-load measures is required to describe the training load of each playing position, especially to better understand internal responses among players.

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External Training Load Monitoring and the Impact on Training Load Management in Collegiate Male Soccer Players

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000004080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽

Author(s):

Jacob R. Gdovin ◽

Riley Galloway ◽

Lorenzo S. Tomasiello ◽

Michael Seabolt ◽

Robert Booker

Keyword(s):

Training Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Load Management ◽

Load Monitoring ◽

External Training ◽

The Impact

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The road to 21 seconds: A case report of a 2016 Olympic swimming sprinter

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954119828885 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 393-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Augusto Carvalho Barbosa ◽

Pedro Frederico Valadão ◽

Carolina Franco Wilke ◽

Felipe de Souza Martins ◽

Dellano Cézar Pinto Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bench Press ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Training Load ◽

Competitive Performance ◽

Start Time ◽

Stroke Length ◽

Dry Land ◽

Swimming Time ◽

Back Squat ◽

External Training

This study aimed to describe training characteristics as well as physical, technical and morphological changes of an elite Olympic swimming sprinter throughout his road to 21 s in the 50 m freestyle. Over a ∼2.5-year period, the following assessments were obtained: external training load, competitive performance, instantaneous swimming speed, tethered force, dry-land maximal dynamic strength in bench press, pull-up and back squat and body composition. From 2014 to 2016, the athlete dropped 3.3% of his initial best time by reducing total swimming time (i.e. the total time minus 15-m start time – from 17.07 s to 16.21 s) and improving the stroke length (from 1.83 m to 2.00 m). Dry-land strength (bench press: 27.3%, pull-up: 9.1% and back squat: 37.5%) and tethered force (impulse: 30.5%) increased. Competitive performance was associated to average (r = −0.82, p = 0.001) and peak speeds (r = −0.71; p = 0.009) and to lean body mass (r = −0.55; p = 0.03), which increased in the first year and remained stable thereafter. External training load presented a polarized pattern in all training seasons. This swimmer reached the sub-22 s mark by reducing total swimming time, which was effected by a longer stroke length. He also considerably improved his dry-land strength and tethered force levels likely due to a combination of neural and morphological adaptations.

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Training load and match-play demands in basketball based on competition level: A systematic review

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0229212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. e0229212 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adam J. Petway ◽

Tomás T. Freitas ◽

Julio Calleja-González ◽

Daniel Medina Leal ◽

Pedro E. Alcaraz

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Training Load ◽

Match Play ◽

Competition Level

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Risk Factors of Overuse Shoulder Injuries in Overhead Athletes: A Systematic Review

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738120931764 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 478-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Camille Tooth ◽

Amandine Gofflot ◽

Cédric Schwartz ◽

Jean-Louis Croisier ◽

Charlotte Beaudart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Rotator Cuff ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Training Load ◽

Shoulder Injuries ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Overhead Athletes ◽

Modifiable Factors ◽

And Training

Context: Shoulder injuries are highly prevalent in sports involving the upper extremity. Some risk factors have been identified in the literature, but consensus is still lacking. Objectives: To identify risk factors of overuse shoulder injury in overhead athletes, as described in the literature. Data Sources: A systematic review of the literature from the years 1970 to 2018 was performed using 2 electronic databases: PubMed and Scopus. Study Selection: Prospective studies, written in English, that described at least 1 risk factor associated with overuse shoulder injuries in overhead sports (volleyball, handball, basketball, swimming, water polo, badminton, baseball, and tennis) were considered for analysis. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: Data were extracted from 25 studies. Study methodology quality was evaluated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. Results: Intrinsic factors, previous injury, range of motion (lack or excess), and rotator cuff weakness (isometric and isokinetic) highly increase the risk of future injuries. Additionally, years of athletic practice, body mass index, sex, age, and level of play seem to have modest influence. As for the effect of scapular dysfunction on shoulder injuries, it is still controversial, though these are typically linked. Extrinsic factors, field position, condition of practice (match/training), time of season, and training load also have influence on the occurrence of shoulder injuries. Conclusion: Range of motion, rotator cuff muscle weakness, and training load are important modifiable factors associated with shoulder injuries. Scapular dysfunction may also have influence. The preventive approach for shoulder injury should focus on these factors.

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