scholarly journals Come at the king, you best not miss: criminal network adaptation after law enforcement targeting of key players

Global Crime ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Giulia Berlusconi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Network Adaptation ◽  
Key Players

Facilitating Irregular Migration into Malaysia and from Indonesia: Illicit Markets, Endemic Corruption and Symbolic Attempts to Overcome Impunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Gerhard Hoffstaedter ◽  
Antje Missbach
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Control Power ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Formal Economy

Abstract Discourses around illicit markets for irregular migration focus on criminality and global dimensions threatening border security and the sovereignty of the state. Organised crime has generally been understood to be committed by crime syndicates outside or parallel to the dominant order and formal economy. In Malaysia and Indonesia, however, the state (or parts thereof) is heavily implicated in such crime and essential for the success of unsanctioned trans-border movements. The participation of state officials could be analysed as a convergence of extralegal income generation and symbolic law enforcement. This article presents case studies from Malaysia and Indonesia that could only have taken place because security officials facilitated them. It challenges the orthodoxy of a state versus criminal network opposition and seeks to explain the circumstances under which legal prosecution occurs. The symbolic punishment of low-ranking officials reinforces networks of control, power hierarchies and cooperation of the state in illicit markets.

Delinquency Reinforcement and Balance: Is Exposure to Delinquent Peers Always Risky?

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni S. James Charles ◽  
Yao-Yu Chih
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Law ◽  
Delinquent Peers

Abstract This study investigates whether exposure to delinquent peers increases the risk of committing delinquent acts. To incorporate a balance argument in a conventional setting, we develop an adjusted exposure level to study an individual’s delinquency choice. We show this choice is affected by not only how many delinquent peers an individual directly and indirectly connects with, but also who those peers are. Specifically, exposure to delinquent peers is not universally risky, and could even be protective if the average exposure level of the individual’s delinquent peers is significantly less than her own exposure level. In addition, we show that individuals with high exposure levels are more sensitive to structural changes in the delinquent network. Therefore, a policy aiming to isolate key players in the network could be more cost-effective than strengthening the law-enforcement system.

scholarly journals A Man’s world? Comparing the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-569
Author(s):  
Tomáš Diviák ◽  
James A. Coutinho ◽  
Alex D. Stivala
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Canadian Law ◽  
Social Network Approach ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Structural Positions

Abstract The crime gender gap is the difference between the levels of participation of men and women in crime, with men responsible for more crime than women. Recent evidence suggests that the crime gender gap is closing, both in crime in general and in organized crime. However, organized crime differs from other forms of criminal activity in that it entails an organizational structure of cooperation among offenders. Assessing whether the gender gap in organized crime is narrowing is not only about the overall levels of involvement of women, but about their roles and positions within the organized criminal structure, because the involvement of women does not mean that they are in influential positions, or that they have power or access to resources important for the commission of organized crime. This paper uses a social network approach to systematically compare the structural positions of men and women in an organized criminal network. We use a dataset collected by Canadian Law Enforcement consisting of 1390 individuals known or suspected to be involved in organized crime, 185 of whom are women. Our analysis provides evidence for an ongoing gender gap in organized crime, with women occupying structural positions that are generally associated with a lack of power. Overall, women are less present in the network, tend to collaborate with other women rather than with men, and are more often in the disadvantageous position of being connected by male intermediaries. Implications for theory and law enforcement practice are discussed.

scholarly journals The Position of Convict as Justice Collaborator in Revealing Organized Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
Bambang Sugiri ◽  
Nurini Aprilianda ◽  
Hanif Hartadi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Laws And Regulations

This article aims to examine the position of the convict as justice collaborator in revealing organized crime. A justice collaborator can assist law enforcement officers. The background of the study is the concept of crown witness, which is often used in proving criminal cases, even though it violates human rights. A difficulty in revealing organized crime is that perpetrators mostly do not disclose their criminal network and the parties involved. Information from the convict related to the network of the crime they committed makes law enforcement officers easier to reveal the organized crime. This study used a juridical analysis with an approach to laws and regulations, conceptual method, and comparative method. The results of the study show that convict who chose to become a justice collaborator has a vital role. Law enforcement officers can take advantage of this role in exposing organized crimes without human rights violations to the convict. The convict can have a reward in the form of parole and additional remissions.

scholarly journals “Journey into hell […where] migrants froze to death”; a critical stylistic analysis of European newspapers’ first response to the 2019 Essex Lorry deaths

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiana Gregoriou ◽  
Ilse A. Ras ◽  
Nina Muždeka
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Security Policies ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
First Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
People Movement ◽  
The Uk

AbstractIn the early hours of October 23rd, 2019, 39 people were found dead in a refrigerated lorry in Grays, Essex, UK. This case attracted media interest across the world; in the 48-h period after the story broke, reporting on this discovery extended to newspapers not just in the UK, but also across Europe. This study uses elements of Critical Stylistics (Jeffries 2010) to analyse and compare first response articles published by European dailies in relation to the event at Grays, to address the nature of this reporting. We found that linguistic choices tend to dramatise what happened, criminalise victims, and even presume the driver’s innocence, with the international criminal network he is presupposed to be part of remaining only speculated on. Though there are attempts to distribute some accountability to governments and policies, as well as structural systemic factors such as war and poverty, responsibility for these factors tends to be diffused, and hence unallocated, this helping ultimately justify draconic law enforcement and border security policies. By highlighting linguistic trends and underlying ideologies which we in turn question, we address the need to tend to the structural causes of such transnational people movement-related crime (i.e. trafficking and smuggling) and shift accountability to governments.

A Proof of Concept Study for Criminal Network Analysis with Interactive Strategies

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (04) ◽  
pp. 623-639
Author(s):  
Peng Zhou ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Mengjia Zhao ◽  
Xin Lou
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Interactive Strategies ◽  
Criminal Network Analysis ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Effective Analysis

The communication data are becoming increasingly important for criminal network analysis nowadays, and these data provide a digital trace which can be regarded as a hidden clue to support the crack of criminal cases. Additionally, performing a timely and effective analysis on it can predict criminal intents and take efficient actions to restrain and prevent crimes. The primary work of our research is to suggest an analytical process with interactive strategies as a solution to the problem of characterizing criminal groups constructed from the communication data. It is expected to assist law enforcement agencies in the task of discovering the potential suspects and exploring the underlying structures of criminal network hidden behind the communication data. This process allows for network analysis with commonly used metrics to identify the core members. It permits exploration and visualization of the network in the goal of improving the comprehension of interesting microstructures. Most importantly, it also allows to extract community structures in an appropriate level with the label supervision strategy. Our work concludes illustrating the application of our interactive strategies to a real-world criminal investigation with mobile call logs.

Pyrotechnic Residues in Gunshot Residue Analysis

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
H. M. Sagara ◽  
S. A. Schliebe ◽  
M. C. Kong
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Gunshot Residue ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
Smokeless Powder ◽  
Carbon Coated ◽  
Detailed List

Particle analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x- ray analysis is one of the current methods used in crime laboratories to aid law enforcement in identifying individuals who have recently fired or handled a firearm. During the discharge of a firearm, the high pressure caused by the detonation of the cartridge materials forces a portion of the generated gases through leaks in the firing mechanism of the weapon. These gases contain residues of smokeless powder, primer mixture, and contributions from the projectile itself. The condensation of these hot gases form discrete, micrometer-sized particles, which can be collected, along with dry skin cells, salts, and other hand debris, from the hands of a shooter by a simple adhesive lift technique. The examination of the carbon-coated adhesive lifts consist of time consuming systematic searches for high contrast particles of spherical morphology with the characteristic elemental composition of antimony, barium and lead. A detailed list of the elemental compositions which match the criteria for gunshot residue are discussed in the Aerospace report.

Youth Development in Europe

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katariina Salmela-Aro ◽  
Ingrid Schoon
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Youth Development ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Reciprocal Interactions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Players

A series of six papers on “Youth Development in Europe: Transitions and Identities” has now been published in the European Psychologist throughout 2008 and 2009. The papers aim to make a conceptual contribution to the increasingly important area of productive youth development by focusing on variations and changes in the transition to adulthood and emerging identities. The papers address different aspects of an integrative framework for the study of reciprocal multiple person-environment interactions shaping the pathways to adulthood in the contexts of the family, the school, and social relationships with peers and significant others. Interactions between these key players are shaped by their embeddedness in varied neighborhoods and communities, institutional regulations, and social policies, which in turn are influenced by the wider sociohistorical and cultural context. Young people are active agents, and their development is shaped through reciprocal interactions with these contexts; thus, the developing individual both influences and is influenced by those contexts. Relationship quality and engagement in interactions appears to be a fruitful avenue for a better understanding of how young people adjust to and tackle development to productive adulthood.

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