The relationship between autoimmunity and specific immunotherapy for allergic diseases

The prevalence of allergic diseases is increasing worldwide. It is estimated that more than 30% of the world population is now affected by one or more allergic conditions and a high proportion of this increase is in young people. The diagnosis of allergy is dependent on a history of symptoms on exposure to an allergen together with the detection of allergen-specific IgE. Accurate diagnosis of allergies opens up therapeutic options. Allergen specific immunotherapy is the only successful disease-modifying therapy for IgE-mediated allergic diseases. New therapeutic strategies have been developed or are currently under clinical trials. Besides new routes of administration, new types of allergens are being developed. The use of adjuvants may amplify the immune response towards tolerance to the antigens. In this review, we analyze different antigen-specific immunotherapies according to administration route, type of antigens and adjuvants, and we address the special case of food allergy.

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Impact of diet on the immunological microenvironment of the pregnant uterus and its relationship to allergic disease in the offspring: a review of the recent literature

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/s1516-31802006000500013 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 124 (5) ◽

pp. 298-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Daniella Campelo Batalha Cox Moore ◽

Pedro Xavier Elsas ◽

Elisabeth Santos Maximiano ◽

Maria Ignez Capella Gaspar Elsas

Keyword(s):

Allergic Disease ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Perinatal Period ◽

Time Interval ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Pregnant Uterus ◽

Medical Progress ◽

Immunological Profile ◽

Dietary Content ◽

The Relationship

Medical progress has reduced the mortality from infectious diseases in most countries, but allergic diseases have become more prevalent worldwide over the same period, especially in industrialized countries. This has prompted speculation that modern lifestyles have altered the relationship between heredity and environment so as to promote development of an atopic phenotype when exposure to infection decreases. A healthy uterine microenvironment is known to favor Th2 lymphocyte development. However, some evidence suggests that persistence of the Th2 pattern of immunity directs the developing organism's immune response towards a long-lasting atopic phenotype. Even though the outcome also depends on other factors (such as infection, functional state of the intestinal microflora, and exposure to environmental allergens at times critical to development), it seems that the immune system during the perinatal period is responsive to interventions that are no longer effective in adulthood. We have reviewed the literature accessible through Medline to identify recent advances in the prevention of allergic disease through interventions in the fetal-maternal relationship. Diet seems to have a significant impact on the immunological profile of the pregnant uterus, as well as on the postnatal development of allergic disease in the offspring, as suggested by the effects of probiotic bacteria and by manipulations of the dietary content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. This highlights the need for further studies, in order to define the best intervention methods, the most appropriate time interval and the individuals who will most likely benefit from them.

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Allergen-specific immunotherapy. Analytic review of current international and Russian federal position papers

Rossiiskii Allergologicheskii ZHurnal ◽

10.36691/rja333 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 24-32

Author(s):

O M Kurbacheva ◽

K S Pavlova ◽

M A Galitzkaya

Keyword(s):

Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Detailed Understanding ◽

Analytic Review ◽

Ige Mediated ◽

Federal Guidelines

The article analyses the international position papers devoted to allergen-specific immunotherapy published in recent years. It also describes in details Russian federal guidelines, published in the 2013-2016 years and dedicated to allergen-specific immunotherapy as a method of treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases, as well as Russian federal guidelines. Detailed understanding of indications, contraindications, and usage of AIT in various clinical situations are widely discussed.

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Inverse Relationship between Adenoid Size and Asthma or Atopy in Children: A Preliminary Study

Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery ◽

10.3342/kjorl-hns.2019.00913 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (9) ◽

pp. 409-414

Author(s):

Yangseop Noh ◽

Ji-Eun Choi ◽

Kyung Eun Lee ◽

Seung-Kyu Chung ◽

Sang Duk Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Center ◽

Allergic Sensitization ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Adenoid Hypertrophy ◽

Group 4 ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Diagnosis Criteria ◽

The Relationship ◽

Group 1

Background and Objectives One of the most common surgical procedures in children is adenoidectomy, but the causes of adenoid hypertrophy are not fully understood. Some studies have found that allergies can be a risk factor for adenoid hypertrophy, asthma being one of these allergic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between adenoid size and asthma in a group of children.Subjects and Method This study reviewed a total of 2063 pediatric patients with or without atopy and asthma who visited the Otorhinolaryngology and Pediatric unit at a tertiary medical center from January 2011 to June 2016. We classified these patients into 4 groups according to the presence of asthma or atopy and randomly selected 100 patients from each group (to a total of 400 pts): group 1 (asthma-, atopy-); group 2 (asthma-, atopy+); group 3 (asthma+, atopy-) and group 4 (asthma+, atopy+). The presence of allergic sensitization (atopy) was evaluated by CAP test and total IgE. Asthma was diagnosed according to the diagnosis criteria in the Korean guideline for asthma. Adenoid size was evaluated with the adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio (A/N ratio) by the adenoid view.Results The four groups did not differ from each other significantly in age or sex. There was a negative correlation between adenoid size and atopic and asthmatic condition. Group 1 had a significantly larger A/N ratio than the other groups (group 1=0.534±0.138; group 2=0.469± 0.140; group 3=0.476±0.135; group 4=0.482±0.128, <i>p</i><0.05). However, group 4 showed nearly identical results to groups 2 and 3, despite the combination of asthma and atopy in group 4.Conclusion Large adenoids were negatively associated with atopy and asthma. This finding may be explained by a decrease in adenoid stimulation by nasal obstruction and a difference in the immune system, including allergic immune reactions. Further studies are needed.

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The role of barrier function of mucous membranes in allergic diseases and sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy

Bulletin of Siberian Medicine ◽

10.20538/1682-0363-2017-2-32-46 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 32-46

Author(s):

Oksana M. Kurbacheva ◽

Miramgul E. Amanturlieva

Keyword(s):

Barrier Function ◽

Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Allergen Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Mucous Membranes

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Impact of Tree Pollen Distribution on Allergic Diseases in Serbia: Evidence of Implementation of Allergen Immunotherapy to Betula verrucosa

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56020059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rajna Minić ◽

Mirjana Josipović ◽

Vesna Tomić Spirić ◽

Marija Gavrović-Jankulović ◽

Aleksandra Perić Popadić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Allergen Immunotherapy ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Pollen Concentration ◽

Tree Pollen ◽

Starting Point ◽

Pollen Species ◽

Allergenic Plants ◽

Betula Verrucosa ◽

The Relationship

Background and objectives: The relationship between air pollen quantity and the sensitization of allergic patients is crucial for both the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. Weather conditions influence the distribution of allergenic pollen and increases in pollen concentration may negatively affect the health of allergic patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the implementation of allergen immunotherapy with regard to air pollen concentration. Material and Methods: Here we examined the relationship between Betula air pollen concentration and the usage of Betula verrucosa allergen immunotherapy in Serbia. Examination covered the period from 2015 to 2018. Measurement of airborne pollen concentration was performed with Lanzoni volumetric pollen traps. The evidence of the usage of sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) was gathered from patients with documented sensitization to specific pollen. Results: During this period tree pollens were represented with 58% ± 21% of all measured air pollen species, while Betula pollen represented 15% ± 8% of all tree pollens. Betula pollination peaked in April. Allergen immunotherapy to Betula verrucosa in Serbia is entirely conducted as sublingual immunotherapy and represents 47.1% ± 1.4% of issued tree pollen SLIT. The use of pollen SLIT increased by 68% from 2015 to 2018, with an even greater increase in usage recorded for Betula SLIT—80%. Conclusions: This analysis shows a clear causative relationship between pollination and the type/prevalence of applied allergen immunotherapy. Information about the flowering seasons of allergenic plants is very important for people who suffer from allergy, for clinical allergologists, as well as for governing authorities. The presented data is of practical importance to the proper timing of immunotherapy initiation and of importance for urban landscaping. The obtained data can be the starting point for the instatement of a thorough epidemiological study and the inclusion of Serbia on the pollen map of Europe.

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Mechanisms of specific immunotherapy of allergic diseases

Allergy ◽

10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb04085.x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 485-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

M. L Kowalski ◽

M. Jutel

Keyword(s):

Specific Immunotherapy ◽

Allergic Diseases

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Association Between Breastmilk Microbiota and Food Allergy in Infants

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.770913 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Shuo Wang ◽

Yuan Wei ◽

Luyan Liu ◽

Zailing Li

Keyword(s):

Food Allergy ◽

Infant Health ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Food Allergies ◽

Infant Food ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Protective Effects ◽

The Relationship

Regulating the composition of human breastmilk has the potential to prevent allergic diseases early in life. The composition of breastmilk is complex, comprising varying levels of oligosaccharides, immunoactive molecules, vitamins, metabolites, and microbes. Although several studies have examined the relationship between different components of breastmilk and infant food allergies, few have investigated the relationship between microorganisms in breastmilk and infant food allergy. In the present study, we selected 135 healthy pregnant women and their full-term newborns from a cohort of 202 mother–infant pairs. Among them, 69 infants were exclusively breastfed until 6 mo after birth. At follow-up, 11 of the 69 infants developed a food allergy in infancy while 22 showed no signs of allergy. Thirty-three breastmilk samples were collected within 1 mo after delivery, and 123 infant fecal samples were collected at five time points following their birth. These samples were analyzed using microbial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The abundance and evenness of the milk microbiota and the number of differential bacteria were higher in the breastmilk samples from the non-allergy group than in those from the food allergy group. The non-allergy group showed relatively high abundance of Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Clostridium IV, Clostridium XIVa, Veillonella, and butyrate-producing bacteria such as Fusobacterium, Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus. In contrast, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas in breastmilk was higher in the food allergy group. A comparison of the changes in dominant differential breastmilk microbiota in the intestinal flora of the two groups of infants over time revealed that the changes in Bifidobacterium abundance were consistent with those in the breastmilk flora. Functional pathway prediction of breastmilk microflora showed that the enhancement of the metabolic pathways of tyrosine, tryptophan, and fatty acids was significantly different between the groups. We suggest that changes in the breastmilk microbiota can influence the development of food allergies. Breastmilk contains several microbes that have protective effects against food allergies, both by influencing the colonization of intestinal microbiota and by producing butyrate. This study may provide new ideas for improving infant health through early intervention with probiotics.

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The Relationship Between Lower Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Allergic Respiratory Tract Diseases in Children

10.21203/rs.3.rs-89425/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jinghua Cui ◽

Yuanyuan Zhang ◽

Hanqing Zhao ◽

Zhen Chen ◽

Quan Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: With the development of sequencing technologies, it has been found that there are microbes similar to those in the upper respiratory tract present in the healthy human lower respiratory tract (LRT), including the lungs and bronchus. Thus, to study the LRT microbiome and evaluate the relationship between this microbiome and allergic respiratory diseases in children, we enrolled 68 children who visited the respiratory department and underwent bronchoscopy from January 2018 to December 2018 in the affiliated hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Methods: Using the total IgE (TIgE) values, children were divided into two groups: one group had 34 patients with allergy (allergy sensitivity, AS); the second group had 34 patients with no allergy (no allergy sensitivity, NAS). Nucleic acid was extracted from samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) taken during bronchoscopy treatment and the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced and analysed. Results: The results showed that Haemophilus, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Rothia were detected in all patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the composition and distribution of microbiota between the AS and NAS groups (p < 0.01). Compared with children in the AS group, the LRT of those belonging to the NAS group were enriched with Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Anoxybacillus. However, the level of Bacteroidetes in the AS group was significantly higher. Analysis of the correlation of clinical indices and microbiome showed that TIgE was positively correlated with Bacteroidetes and negatively correlated with Streptococcus. In addition, absolute lymphocyte count showed a relationship with Streptococcus, and the absolute neutrophil count or percentage of neutrophils showed a relationship with Cardiobacterium.Conclusions: The respiratory tract microbiome functioned similarly to the intestinal microbiome. That is, the decrease in microbial diversity and the change in composition could lead to an increase in allergic symptoms. The colonised microbiota of the LRT in children, especially that of Bacteriodetes and Streptococcus, showed a certain correlation with early respiratory allergic diseases. Trial registration number is ISRCTN18302701, and date of registration is 06/10/2020.

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A Clinical Study of Relationship of Body Mass Index with Allergic Rhinitis

Clinical Rhinology An International Journal ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1260 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 33-36

Author(s):

SS Bist ◽

Sanjeev Bhagat ◽

Himanshu Kala

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Allergic Rhinitis ◽

Clinical Study ◽

Body Mass ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Control Group ◽

Female Patients ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

High Bmi

ABSTRACT Objectives Although the association between obesity and bronchial asthma (BA) has been gaining more attention, few studies have been conducted concerning the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and other allergic diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and BMI. Materials and methods This was a retrospective study. Two hundred and ten patients of AR (138 males and 72 females) and 424 healthy controls were included in the study. The BMI of patients and controls were calculated and correlated. Results The percentage of AR patients with a low BMI was 9.5%, whereas 57.6% had a normal BMI; 21% were preobese and 9.5% were obese. In the control group, 48.6% subjects had normal BMI range followed by preobese 21.2%, underweight 20.3%, and obese 9.9%. Among the overweight (preobese+ obese) category, the maximum number of subjects belonged to cases, i.e., 32.8% with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.07). Thus, AR was not associated with high BMI. Among the underweight, the maximum number of subjects belonged to the control group, i.e., 20.3% with an OR of 2.13 (95% CI 1.24-3.68). Thus, AR had no relationship with lower BMI also. It was also observed that more of the female patients (18, 29.1, and 12.5% were underweight, preobese, and obese respectively) had deranged BMI than male patients (5.3, 20.2, and 7.9% were underweight, preobese, and obese respectively). A relative risk of 1.124 (95% CI 1.01-1.23) and 1.04 (95% CI 0.95-1.13) was present in female patients with low and high BMI respectively, which is statistically significant (p = 0.0008). Conclusion It was concluded that BMI was not associated with increased prevalence of AR. Among the underweight and overweight, AR was more common in females than in males. Thus, BMI had a significant association with AR among female patients. Overall, BMI had no significant association with AR. How to cite this article Kala H, Bhagat S, Varshney S, Bist SS. A Clinical Study of Relationship of Body Mass Index with Allergic Rhinitis. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):33-36.

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