scholarly journals The Relationship Between Lower Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Allergic Respiratory Tract Diseases in Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghua Cui ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Hanqing Zhao ◽  
Zhen Chen ◽  
Quan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: With the development of sequencing technologies, it has been found that there are microbes similar to those in the upper respiratory tract present in the healthy human lower respiratory tract (LRT), including the lungs and bronchus. Thus, to study the LRT microbiome and evaluate the relationship between this microbiome and allergic respiratory diseases in children, we enrolled 68 children who visited the respiratory department and underwent bronchoscopy from January 2018 to December 2018 in the affiliated hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Methods: Using the total IgE (TIgE) values, children were divided into two groups: one group had 34 patients with allergy (allergy sensitivity, AS); the second group had 34 patients with no allergy (no allergy sensitivity, NAS). Nucleic acid was extracted from samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) taken during bronchoscopy treatment and the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced and analysed. Results: The results showed that Haemophilus, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Rothia were detected in all patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the composition and distribution of microbiota between the AS and NAS groups (p < 0.01). Compared with children in the AS group, the LRT of those belonging to the NAS group were enriched with Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Anoxybacillus. However, the level of Bacteroidetes in the AS group was significantly higher. Analysis of the correlation of clinical indices and microbiome showed that TIgE was positively correlated with Bacteroidetes and negatively correlated with Streptococcus. In addition, absolute lymphocyte count showed a relationship with Streptococcus, and the absolute neutrophil count or percentage of neutrophils showed a relationship with Cardiobacterium.Conclusions: The respiratory tract microbiome functioned similarly to the intestinal microbiome. That is, the decrease in microbial diversity and the change in composition could lead to an increase in allergic symptoms. The colonised microbiota of the LRT in children, especially that of Bacteriodetes and Streptococcus, showed a certain correlation with early respiratory allergic diseases. Trial registration number is ISRCTN18302701, and date of registration is 06/10/2020.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Lower Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Allergic Respiratory Tract Diseases in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinghua Cui ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Hanqing Zhao ◽  
Xuemei Sun ◽  
Zhen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Similar to those in the upper respiratory tract, there are microbes present in the healthy human lower respiratory tract (LRT), including the lungs and bronchus. To evaluate the relationship between LRT microbiome and allergic respiratory diseases in children, we enrolled 68 children who underwent bronchoscopy from January 2018 to December 2018 in the affiliated hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Using the total IgE (TIgE) values, children were divided into two groups: allergy sensitivity (AS) group and non-allergy sensitivity (NAS) group. Nucleic acid was extracted from samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the two groups of children taken during bronchoscopy treatment and the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that Haemophilus, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Neisseria, and Rothia were detected in all patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the composition and distribution of microbiota between the AS and NAS groups (p &lt; 0.01). Analysis of the correlation of clinical indices and microbiome showed that TIgE was positively correlated with Bacteroidetes and negatively correlated with Streptococcus. Absolute lymphocyte count showed a relationship with Streptococcus, and the absolute neutrophil count or percentage of neutrophils showed a relationship with Cardiobacterium. The LRT microbiome functioned similarly to the intestinal microbiome. That is, the decrease in microbial diversity and the change in composition could lead to an increase in allergic symptoms. The microbiome of the LRT in children, especially that of Bacteriodetes and Streptococcus, showed a correlation with respiratory allergic diseases.

Broncho-alveolar lavage in chronic upper respiratory tract infections

1995 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 859-862
Author(s):  
H. Zeitoun ◽  
W. El-Husseiny ◽  
M. El-Sawi ◽  
M. A. Mandour
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Dye Reduction ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract infections has been demonstrated previously, although the effect of chronic infection of One tract on the other has not been well studied. This work analyses the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of patients with chronic purulent rhino-sinusitis and reveals and increase in the neutrophil nitro-blue tetrazolium dye reduction test positivity provides evidence for increased phagocutosis to compensate for the increased contamination of the lower respiratory tract.

scholarly journals COPD-Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Visual Analogue Score (c-LRTI-VAS) validation in stable and exacerbated patients with COPD

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000761
Author(s):  
Hendrik Johannes Prins ◽  
Ruud Duijkers ◽  
Johannes M A Daniels ◽  
Thys van der Molen ◽  
Tjip S van der Werf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Visual Analogue Score ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Quality

BackgroundWe developed the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)-Lower Respiratory Tract Infection-Visual Analogue Score (c-LRTI-VAS) in order to easily quantify symptoms during exacerbations in patients with COPD. This study aimed to validate this score.MethodsIn our study, patients with stable COPD as well as those with an acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) were included. The results of c-LRTI-VAS were compared with other markers of disease activity (lung function parameters, oxygen saturation and two health related quality of life questionnaires (St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ)) and validity, reliability and responsiveness were assessed.ResultsEighty-eight patients with clinically stable COPD and 102 patients who had an AECOPD completed the c-LRTI-VAS questionnaire. When testing on two separate occasions for repeatability, no statistically significant difference between total scores was found 0.143 (SD 5.42) (p=0.826). Internal consistency was high across items (Cronbach’s apha 0.755). Correlation with SGRQ and CCQ total scores was moderate to high. After treatment for hospitalised AECOPD, the mean c-LRTI-VAS total score improved 8.14 points (SD 9.13; p≤0.001).Conclusionsc-LRTI-VAS showed proper validity, responsiveness to change and moderate to high correlation with other questionnaires. It, therefore, appears a reliable tool for symptom measurement during AECOPD.Trial registration numberNCT01232140.

scholarly journals 425. The Utility of Paired Upper and Lower COVID-19 Sampling in Patients with Artificial Airways

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S279-S279
Author(s):  
Eimear Kitt ◽  
Julia S Sammons ◽  
Kathleen Chiotos ◽  
Susan E Coffin ◽  
Susan E Coffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mechanically Ventilated ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends upper respiratory tract (URT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing as the initial diagnostic test for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Lower respiratory tract (LRT) testing for patients requiring mechanical ventilation is also recommended. The goal of this study was to evaluate concordance between paired URT and LRT specimens in children undergoing pre-admission/procedure screening or diagnostic testing. We hypothesized that &lt; 10% of paired tests would have discordant results. Methods Single center cross-sectional study including children with artificial airways who had paired URT and LRT SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing between 4/1/2020 and 6/8/2020. URT specimens included nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and aspirates. LRT specimens included tracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavages. URT and LRT specimens were classified as paired if the two specimens were collected within 24 hours. Artificial airways included tracheostomies and endotracheal tubes. Tests were classified as diagnostic versus screening based on the indication selected in the order. Results 102 paired specimens were obtained during the study period. Fifty-nine were performed for screening and 43 were performed for diagnosis of suspected SARS-CoV-2. Overall, 94 specimens (92%) were concordant, including 89 negative from both sources and 5 positive from both sources. Eight specimens (8%) were discordant, all of which were positive from the URT and negative from the LRT (Figure 1). Among patients undergoing screening, 3 of 4 positive tests were discordant and among symptomatic patients, 5 of 9 positive tests were discordant. There were no instances of a positive LRT specimen with a negative URT specimen. Figure 1. Performance of upper and lower respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing in children with artificial airways Conclusion Overall, most paired samples from the URT and LRT yielded concordant results with no pairs positive from the LRT and negative from the URT. These data support the CDC recommendation that URT specimens are the preferred initial SARS-CoV-2 test, while LRT specimens should be collected only from mechanically ventilated with suspected SARS-CoV-2. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Infectious Agents in Lower Respiratory Tract Samples Belonging to Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary-Care Hospital, Located in an Epidemic Area, during the Italian Lockdown

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Adriana Calderaro ◽  
Mirko Buttrini ◽  
Sara Montecchini ◽  
Giovanna Piccolo ◽  
Monica Martinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Epidemic Area ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was the detection of infectious agents from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples in order to describe their distribution in patients with severe acute respiratory failure and hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU) in an Italian tertiary-care hospital. LRT samples from 154 patients admitted to ICU from 27 February to 10 May 2020 were prospectively examined for respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, bacteria and/or fungi. SARS-CoV-2 was revealed in 90 patients (58.4%, 72 males, mean age 65 years). No significant difference was observed between SARS-CoV-2 positives and SARS-CoV-2 negatives with regard to sex, age and bacterial and/or fungal infections. Nonetheless, fungi were more frequently detected among SARS-CoV-2 positives (44/54, 81.4%, p = 0.0053). Candida albicans was the overall most frequently isolated agent, followed by Enterococcus faecalis among SARS-CoV-2 positives and Staphylococcus aureus among SARS-CoV-2 negatives. Overall mortality rate was 40.4%, accounting for 53 deaths: 37 among SARS-CoV-2 positives (mean age 69 years) and 16 among SARS-CoV-2 negatives (mean age 63 years). This study highlights the different patterns of infectious agents between the two patient categories: fungi were prevalently involved among SARS-CoV-2-positive patients and bacteria among the SARS-CoV-2-negative patients. The different therapies and the length of the ICU stay could have influenced these different patterns of infectious agents.

scholarly journals Functional profiling of COVID-19 respiratory tract microbiomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niina Haiminen ◽  
Filippo Utro ◽  
Ed Seabolt ◽  
Laxmi Parida
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Functional Profiling

AbstractIn response to the ongoing global pandemic, characterizing the molecular-level host interactions of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19 has been at the center of unprecedented scientific focus. However, when the virus enters the body it also interacts with the micro-organisms already inhabiting the host. Understanding the virus-host-microbiome interactions can yield additional insights into the biological processes perturbed by viral invasion. Alterations in the gut microbiome species and metabolites have been noted during respiratory viral infections, possibly impacting the lungs via gut-lung microbiome crosstalk. To better characterize microbial functions in the lower respiratory tract during COVID-19 infection, we carry out a functional analysis of previously published metatranscriptome sequencing data of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from eight COVID-19 cases, twenty-five community-acquired pneumonia patients, and twenty healthy controls. The functional profiles resulting from comparing the sequences against annotated microbial protein domains clearly separate the cohorts. By examining the associated metabolic pathways, distinguishing functional signatures in COVID-19 respiratory tract microbiomes are identified, including decreased potential for lipid metabolism and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism pathways, and increased potential for carbohydrate metabolism pathways. The results include overlap between previous studies on COVID-19 microbiomes, including decrease in the glycosaminoglycan degradation pathway and increase in carbohydrate metabolism. The results also suggest novel connections to consider, possibly specific to the lower respiratory tract microbiome, calling for further research on microbial functions and host-microbiome interactions during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for acute respiratory tract infections in Macao: a retrospective study from 2014 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Lei ◽  
Lisong Yang ◽  
Cheong Tat Lou ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Kin Ian SiTou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Etiology ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the leading causes of hospitalization in children. Understanding the local dominant viral etiologies is important to inform infection control practices and clinical management. This study aimed to investigate the viral etiology and epidemiology of respiratory infections among pediatric inpatients in Macao. Methods A retrospective study using electronic health records between 2014 and 2017 at Kiang Wu Hospital was performed. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were obtained from hospitalized children aged 13 years or younger with respiratory tract diseases. xMAP multiplex assays were employed to detect respiratory agents including 10 respiratory viruses. Data were analyzed to describe the frequency and seasonality. Results Of the 4880 children enrolled in the study, 3767 (77.1%) were positive for at least one of the 13 viral pathogens tested, of which 2707 (55.5%) being male and 2635 (70.0%) under 2 years old. Among the positive results, there were 3091 (82.0%) single infections and 676 (18.0%) multiple infections. The predominant viruses included human rhinovirus/enterovirus (HRV/EV 27.4%), adenovirus (ADV, 15.8%), respiratory syncytial virus B (RSVB, 7.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus A (RSVA, 7.8%). The detection of viral infection was the most prevalent in autumn (960/1176, 81.6%), followed by spring (1095/1406, 77.9%), winter (768/992, 77.4%), and summer (944/1306, 72.3%), with HRV/EV and ADV being most commonly detected throughout the 4 years of study period. The detection rate of viral infection was highest among ARI patients presented with croup (123/141, 87.2%), followed by lower respiratory tract infection (1924/2356, 81.7%) and upper respiratory tract infection (1720/2383, 72.2%). FluA, FluB and ADV were positive factors for upper respiratory tract infections. On the other hand, infection with RSVA, RSVB, PIV3, PIV4, HMPV, and EV/RHV were positively associated with lower respiratory tract infections; and PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were positively associated with croup. Conclusions This is the first study in Macao to determine the viral etiology and epidemiology of pediatric patients hospitalized for ARIs. The study findings can contribute to the awareness of pathogen, appropriate preventative measure, accurate diagnosis, and proper clinical management of respiratory viral infections among children in Macao.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Cebus Capucinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection. 2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man. 3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia. 4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria. 5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.

scholarly journals The state of the capillary bed in children with allergic diseases of the respiratory tract according to computer capillaroscopy of the nail bed

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Yu. L. Mizernitskiy ◽  
I. M. Melnikova ◽  
E. V. Udaltsova
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Nail Bed ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
Functional Features

Introduction. The actuality of children allergic respiratory diseases problem is due to the steady increase oftheir occurrence all over the world. Computerized capillaroscopy (ССS) of the nail bed is a non-invasive and highly informative method for assessing the structural and functional parameters of capillaries in real time and physiological conditions, and so it is effectively applied in pediatric practice. However, studies in this promising direction are rare. Aim. Was to determine the microcirculation peculiarities in children suffering from respiratory allergic diseases with prolonged cough, using the method of computerized capillaroscopy of the nail bed. Materials and methods. 238 children aged from 2 to 17 years with acute and chronic respiratory diseases, accompanied by prolonged (more than 4 weeks) cough, were examined and divided into 4 groups (Gr): Gr1 (n=68) – patients with acute or exacerbation of the chronic upper respiratory tract diseases of the infectious genesis; Gr2 (n=53) – patients with lower respiratory tract infection; Gr3 (n=39) – patients with allergic rhinitis; Gr4 (n=78) – patients with bronchial asthma (BA). All patients underwent history, examination and ССS of the nail bed. Results. Patients with allergic diseases of the respiratory tract, especially with BA, were found to have structural and functional disorders of the capillary bed and a pronounced increase in the length of the perivascular zone indicating an increase in the hydration degree of the interstitial space due to chronic allergic inflammation, in contrast to children with respiratory tract infection getting changed microcirculation parameters mainly in the venous part of capillaries. Conclusion. CСS of the nail bed is a highly informative method to identify functional features of the capillaries in allergic and infectious pathologies of the respiratory system, which can be successfully used as additional criteria for their differential diagnosis.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of outcomes after surgical reconstruction of stenoses in the upper respiratory tract in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-243
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Razumovsky ◽  
Z. B. Mitupov ◽  
V. E. Rachkov ◽  
N. S. Stepanenko ◽  
A. V. Adler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Plastic Surgery ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Surgical Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Introduction. Definition " upper respiratory tract stenosis " (URTS) includes a large number of nosologies. The most common are cicatricial stenoses, in particular, post-intubation ones as well as bilateral paralysis of the larynx. An important issue for nowadays is choosing the curative modality for such patients.Purpose. To compare outcomes after treating children with URTS.Material and methods. The authors have assessed results of treatment of 110 patients who had reconstructive surgery in 2010-2019. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the nosology: stenosis of the upper respiratory tract (n = 71) and bilateral paralysis of the larynx (n-39). In each group, four types of surgeries were performed: costal cartilage plasty, plasty with T-tube (TT), a modified version of plasty with TT, plasty with a stent. The choice of treatment technique was determined mostly by the tendency to make this or that type of surgery in authors' departments, as well as by the nosology, severity of the disease and patient's age. Decannulation terms, surgical time, early and late postoperative complications as well as relapse-free period were assessed.Results. 66% patients were decannulated in Group 1; in Group 2 - 69%. Group 1 a statistically reliable comparison was possible between the following techniques: costal cartilage plasty and laryngeal stent plasty (p > 0.005) as well as plasty with TT implantation and the proposed modified technique (p > 0.005). While using Mann-Whitney test and Log Rank, the authors found out that in Group 1 there were no significant difference in surgical time, relapse-free period and stenosis degree (p > 0.005). However, decannulation terms after plastic surgery of the larynx with costal cartilage implantation are longer than after plastic surgery with stent implantation (p < 0.005). In Group 2, the authors compared three abovementioned curative modalities, excluding laryngeal plasty with TT implantation. Thus, surgical time for costal cartilage plasty is longer, if to compare to other two techniques (p < 0.005). There is also no significant difference in decannulation terms and relapse-free periods between all three techniques (p > 0.005).Conclusion. The results obtained have demonstrated the effectiveness of long-term stenting with TT placement in children, mainly with cicatricial stenoses, and in older children. The trial also revealed that laryngoplasty with costal cartilage in children with bilateral laryngeal paralysis is an effectiveness choice too.

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