Illicit Drug use and Dependence in a New Zealand Birth Cohort

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Boden ◽  
David M. Fergusson ◽  
L. John Horwood
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Adolescent Risk

Objective: To describe the patterns of illicit drug use in a birth cohort studied to the age of 25 years. Method: The data were gathered during the Christchurch Health and Development Study. In this study a cohort of 1265 children born in the Christchurch, New Zealand urban region in mid-1977 have been studied to the age of 25 years. Information was gathered on patterns of illicit drug use and dependence during the period 15–25 years. Results: By age 25 years, 76.7% of the cohort had used cannabis, while 43.5% had used other illicit drugs on at least one occasion. In addition, 12.5% of the cohort met DSM-IV criteria for dependence on cannabis, and 3.6% of the cohortmet criteria for dependence on other illicit drugs at some time by age 25. There was also evidence of substantial poly-drug use among the cohort, with hallucinogens and amphetamines being the most commonly used illicit drugs (excluding cannabis). Illicit drug use and dependence was higher in males, in Māori, and in those leaving school without qualifications. Key risk factors for illicit drug use and dependence included adolescent risk-taking behaviours including cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, affiliation with substance-using peers, novelty-seeking, and conduct problems in adolescence. Other key risk factors included parental history of illicit drug use and childhood sexual abuse. Conclusions: Levels of cumulative illicit drug use in this cohort were relatively high, with the majority of respondents having tried illicit drugs by age 25. For the majority of illicit drug users, drug use did not lead to problems of dependence. Nonetheless, nearly 15% of the cohort showed symptoms of illicit drug dependence by the age of 25 years, with cannabis dependence accounting for the majority of illicit drug dependence.

Illicit Drugs

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Degenhardt ◽  
Wayne Hall ◽  
Chiara Bucello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Problem Drug Use ◽  
Problem Drug

Although illicit drug use has been documented across the world, the quality of these estimates is best in the developed countries of Europe, North America, and Australasia. Regular use, “problem drug use,” and drug dependence are less frequently measured but are important to quantify in order to identify disease burden. This paper reviews European, North American, and Australasian estimates of illicit drug use, problem drug use, and drug dependence and presents risk factors of illicit drug use. These risk factors include health risks related to cannabis and mortality associated with problem drug use and injecting drug use. Drug-related morbidity is reviewed, including nonfatal overdose, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis B and C. Future research needs to focus on obtaining better estimates of mortality and morbidity to better understand the harms associated with illicit drug dependence.

Fire on the Mountain: Reinvigorating Legislative Measures to Quench the Flame of Illicit Drug Use in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Sogo Angel Olofinbiyi ◽  
Thembelihle Mtambo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
South African ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
African Government ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Legislative Measures

South African societies have been characterized by the prolific incidence of illicit drug use in recent times.  The paper attempts to examine the legislations implemented on the use of illicit drugs in South Africa. The study adopts a review of the literature to identify and describe the most common illicit drugs used around South Africa communities, placing emphasis on the policies developed by the South African government in combating these situations. The research follows a critical   discussion on the issues associated with drug use, its causes, as well as its effects on humans and the environment. The study recommends relevant initiatives to combat all intricacies associated with drug use within the country. This approach will be appropriate in facilitating a clear-cut   understanding of the possible remedies to quench the burning flame of illicit drug use across a broad range of South African communities.

Silent severe myocardial ischemia in a past illicit drug user imaged with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

Perfusion ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026765912110281
Author(s):  
Chrissa Sioka ◽  
Georgios Georgiou ◽  
Christos Katsouras ◽  
Konstantinos Pappas ◽  
Dimitris-Nikiforos Kiortsis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Myocardial Perfusion ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Illicit Drug User ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms

Patients with illicit drug use may have deleterious acute and chronic cardiac effects. We present a case of a 42-year-old man, former alcohol and various illicit drugs user, who was admitted to the psychiatric unit for management of psychosis. Because of his previous drug and alcohol history, a cardiological evaluation was performed which revealed silent severe myocardial ischemia detected by myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). The myocardial ischemia was attributed to coronary microvascular dysfunction, occurring several years after quitting the illicit drugs. This study highlights the potential myocardial ischemia that may occur in patients with previous alcohol and illicit drug use, and the role of MPI, a non-invasive test that can provide important information regarding the myocardial status of such patients, even without obvious cardiac symptoms or findings.

scholarly journals Use of illicit drugs by adolescents and young adults of an urban settlement in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Rafael Alves Guimarães ◽  
Márcia Maria de Souza ◽  
Karlla Antonieta Amorim Caetano ◽  
Sheila Araujo Teles ◽  
Marcos André de Matos
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Factors Associated

Summary Objective: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with illicit drug use by adolescents and young adults of a formal urban settlement. Method: Cross-sectional study including adolescents and young adults 12-24 years of an urban settlement in the Midwest Region of Brazil. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Stata, version 12.0. We used Poisson regression model to estimate the factors associated with illicit drug use. Results: Of the total participants (n=105), 27.6% (95CI 20.0-36.9%) had used illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, crack, LSD and inhalants. The consumption of these substances was associated with male gender, use of body piercing and/or tattoos, licit drug use and self-report of signs and/or symptoms of sexually transmitted infections. Conclusion: High prevalence of illicit drug use was found in the individuals investigated, ratifying the presence of risk factors to the vulnerability of the settlers to use these substances in the urban settlement population.

Community-wide estimation of illicit drug use in delivering women: Prevalence, demographics, and associated risk factors

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
A.J. Vaughn ◽  
R.P. Carzoli ◽  
L. Sanchez-Ramos ◽  
S. Murphy ◽  
N. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Risk Factors for Illicit Drug Use Among Malaysian Male Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (8_suppl) ◽  
pp. 48S-56S
Author(s):  
Wan Shakira Rodzlan Hasani ◽  
Jane Ling Miaw Yn ◽  
Thamil Arasu Saminathan ◽  
Tania Gayle Robert Lourdes ◽  
Rushidi Ramly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Adolescents

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and its associated factors among male adolescents in Malaysia. Data of 13 135 adolescents were extracted from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017, a cross-sectional survey among school-going adolescents in Malaysia aged between 13 and 17 years, using a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling. A complex sample design analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied. The overall prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use among male adolescents was 6.6%. The multivariable model showed that illicit drug use among male adolescents were associated with younger age, rural school area, marital status of parent, current smoker, ever having sex, truancy, involved in physical fight, and lack of peer support. The findings from this study can assist community and relevant authorities in their efforts to combat illicit drug usage among adolescents using intervention programs that diminishes risk factors and enhances the protective factors.

scholarly journals How far can you go? Association between illicit drug use and academic migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Lauro Miranda Demenech ◽  
Samuel C. Dumith ◽  
Luiza Santos Ferreira ◽  
Mariana Lima Corrêa ◽  
Pedro San Martin Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure the prevalence of illicit drugs use in the lifetime, last year and last month, as well as the factors associated to the last year's use and its association with academic migration, among undergraduate students of a university in southern Brazil. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected through self-administered questionnaire. It was conducted a clustered systematic sampling. For multivariate analyses, it was used Poisson regression. Results: 1,423 students participated. The prevalence of illicit drug use in the lifetime, last year and last month were 42.4%, 25.5% and 17.7%, respectively. Regarding illicit substances, marijuana use was the most prevalent. The variables independently associated with illicit drugs use in the last year were academic migration, being male, younger, single, high parent's educational level, living with peers, tobacco use in the last year, and having friend and relative that have used illicit drugs. Religious practice had a protective effect. Conclusion: Individuals who migrated from their cities to study at the university are more exposed to the main risk factors pointed out by this research and hence to the use of illicit drugs. Based on these results, we suggest that universities develop evaluation, prevention, treatment or referral strategies considering specific needs of this population

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Alcohol Misuse and Illicit Drug Use Among Young People Aged 15–24 Years in Fishing Communities in Uganda

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica O. Kuteesa ◽  
Helen A. Weiss ◽  
Sarah Cook ◽  
Janet Seeley ◽  
Josephine N. Ssentongo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Alcohol Misuse ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Fishing Communities ◽  
Low Education

Background: We determined the prevalence of and risk factors for alcohol misuse and illicit drug use among young Ugandans in fishing communities, a recognised “key population” for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among young people (15–24 years) in fishing communities in Koome, Uganda, in December 2017–July 2018. Using Audio-Assisted Self-Interviewing, we collected data on socio-demographic characteristics and alcohol use, including the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and timeline follow-back calendar (TLFB). Blood samples were analysed for HIV, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), and Phosphatidyl ethanol (PEth 16:0/18:1). Urine samples were analysed for illicit drugs. Results: Among 1281 participants (52.7% male, mean age 20 years), 659 (51.4%) reported ever drinking alcohol, 248 (19.4%) had 12-month-AUDIT ≥ 8, and 261 (20.5%) had whole-blood PEth 16:0/18:1 concentration ≥ 20 ng/mL, indicating significant consumption. In multivariable analyses, PEth 16:0/18:1 ≥ 20ng/mL, AUDIT ≥ 8 and binge drinking (≥6 standard drinks per drinking occasion in the previous month from TLFB) were all strongly associated with older age, low education, smoking, and HSV2. Illicit drug use prevalence was 5.2% and was associated with older age, low education, being single, and smoking. Conclusion: Levels of alcohol misuse were high among young people in fishing communities and associated with HSV2, a proxy for risky sexual behaviour. Alcohol and illicit drug harm reduction services and HIV prevention programs in Uganda should prioritise young fisherfolk.

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