scholarly journals Yukiko Yamashita: The centrosomes get there first

2013 ◽  
Vol 201 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-783
Author(s):  
Caitlin Sedwick
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions

Yamashita studies how germline stem cells orient their asymmetric cell divisions.

Asymmetric Numb distribution is critical for asymmetric cell division of mouse cerebral cortical stem cells and neuroblasts

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (20) ◽  
pp. 4843-4853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Shen ◽  
Weimin Zhong ◽  
Yuh Nung Jan ◽  
Sally Temple
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Cortical Development ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Neural Lineage ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Β Tubulin

Stem cells and neuroblasts derived from mouse embryos undergo repeated asymmetric cell divisions, generating neural lineage trees similar to those of invertebrates. In Drosophila, unequal distribution of Numb protein during mitosis produces asymmetric cell divisions and consequently diverse neural cell fates. We investigated whether a mouse homologue m-numb had a similar role during mouse cortical development. Progenitor cells isolated from the embryonic mouse cortex were followed as they underwent their next cell division in vitro. Numb distribution was predominantly asymmetric during asymmetric cell divisions yielding a β-tubulin III− progenitor and a β-tubulin III+ neuronal cell (P/N divisions) and predominantly symmetric during divisions producing two neurons (N/N divisions). Cells from the numb knockout mouse underwent significantly fewer asymmetric P/N divisions compared to wild type, indicating a causal role for Numb. When progenitor cells derived from early (E10) cortex undergo P/N divisions, both daughters express the progenitor marker Nestin, indicating their immature state, and Numb segregates into the P or N daughter with similar frequency. In contrast, when progenitor cells derived from later E13 cortex (during active neurogenesis in vivo) undergo P/N divisions they produce a Nestin+ progenitor and a Nestin– neuronal daughter, and Numb segregates preferentially into the neuronal daughter. Thus during mouse cortical neurogenesis, as in Drosophila neurogenesis, asymmetric segregation of Numb could inhibit Notch activity in one daughter to induce neuronal differentiation. At terminal divisions generating two neurons, Numb was symmetrically distributed in approximately 80% of pairs and asymmetrically in 20%. We found a significant association between Numb distribution and morphology: most sisters of neuron pairs with symmetric Numb were similar and most with asymmetric Numb were different. Developing cortical neurons with Numb had longer processes than those without. Numb is expressed by neuroblasts and stem cells and can be asymmetrically segregated by both. These data indicate Numb has an important role in generating asymmetric cell divisions and diverse cell fates during mouse cortical development.

scholarly journals Emerging mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 (11) ◽  
pp. 3785-3795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt G. Venkei ◽  
Yukiko M. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Division

The asymmetric cell division of stem cells, which produces one stem cell and one differentiating cell, has emerged as a mechanism to balance stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Elaborate cellular mechanisms that orchestrate the processes required for asymmetric cell divisions are often shared between stem cells and other asymmetrically dividing cells. During asymmetric cell division, cells must establish asymmetry/polarity, which is guided by varying degrees of intrinsic versus extrinsic cues, and use intracellular machineries to divide in a desired orientation in the context of the asymmetry/polarity. Recent studies have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms of asymmetric cell divisions, revealing the previously unappreciated complexity in setting up the cellular and/or environmental asymmetry, ensuring binary outcomes of the fate determination. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the mechanisms and regulations of asymmetric stem cell division.

scholarly journals Regulating the regulator: Numb acts upstream of p53 to control mammary stem and progenitor cell

2015 ◽  
Vol 211 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa M. Faraldo ◽  
Marina A. Glukhova
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Stem Cell Expansion ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Fate Determinant ◽  
Mammary Stem

In this issue, Tosoni et al. (2015. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201505037) report that cell fate determinant and tumor suppressor Numb imposes asymmetric cell divisions in mammary stem cells by regulating p53. Numb thereby restricts mammary stem cell expansion and controls the proliferation and lineage-specific characteristics of their progeny.

scholarly journals Distribution of CD133 reveals glioma stem cells self-renew through symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. e200-e200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Lathia ◽  
M Hitomi ◽  
J Gallagher ◽  
S P Gadani ◽  
J Adkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Glioma Stem Cells ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions

scholarly journals Spindle orientation and epidermal morphogenesis

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1629) ◽  
pp. 20130016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kulukian ◽  
Elaine Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Spindle Orientation ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Asymmetric Partitioning

Asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) result in two unequal daughter cells and are a hallmark of stem cells. ACDs can be achieved either by asymmetric partitioning of proteins and organelles or by asymmetric cell fate acquisition due to the microenvironment in which the daughters are placed. Increasing evidence suggests that in the mammalian epidermis, both of these processes occur. During embryonic epidermal development, changes occur in the orientation of the mitotic spindle in relation to the underlying basement membrane. These changes are guided by conserved molecular machinery that is operative in lower eukaryotes and dictates asymmetric partitioning of proteins during cell divisions. That said, the shift in spindle alignment also determines whether a division will be parallel or perpendicular to the basement membrane, and this in turn provides a differential microenvironment for the resulting daughter cells. Here, we review how oriented divisions of progenitors contribute to the development and stratification of the epidermis.

Asymmetric Cell Divisions in Hematopoietic Stem Cells

1999 ◽  
Vol 872 (1 HEMATOPOIETIC) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIM H. BRUMMENDORF ◽  
WIESLAWA DRAGOWSKA ◽  
PETER M. LANSDORP
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Cell Divisions

The shut-down Gene of Drosophila melanogaster Encodes a Novel FK506-Binding Protein Essential for the Formation of Germline Cysts During Oogenesis

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-256
Author(s):  
Kirsteen Munn ◽  
Ruth Steward
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Positional Cloning ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Germline Stem Cell ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Fk506 Binding Protein ◽  
Cell Divisions

Abstract In Drosophila melanogaster, the process of oogenesis is initiated with the asymmetric division of a germline stem cell. This division results in the self-renewal of the stem cell and the generation of a daughter cell that undergoes four successive mitotic divisions to produce a germline cyst of 16 cells. Here, we show that shut-down is essential for the normal function of the germline stem cells. Analysis of weak loss-of-function alleles confirms that shut-down is also required at later stages of oogenesis. Clonal analysis indicates that shut-down functions autonomously in the germline. Using a positional cloning approach, we have isolated the shut-down gene. Consistent with its function, the RNA and protein are strongly expressed in the germline stem cells and in 16-cell cysts. The RNA is also present in the germ cells throughout embryogenesis. shut-down encodes a novel Drosophila protein similar to the heat-shock protein-binding immunophilins. Like immunophilins, Shut-down contains an FK506-binding protein domain and a tetratricopeptide repeat. In plants, high-molecular-weight immunophilins have been shown to regulate cell divisions in the root meristem in response to extracellular signals. Our results suggest that shut-down may regulate germ cell divisions in the germarium.

Centromere assembly and non-random sister chromatid segregation in stem cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben L. Carty ◽  
Elaine M. Dunleavy
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Sister Chromatid ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Sister Chromatids ◽  
Centromere Protein A ◽  
Oocyte Meiosis

Abstract Asymmetric cell division (ACD) produces daughter cells with separate distinct cell fates and is critical for the development and regulation of multicellular organisms. Epigenetic mechanisms are key players in cell fate determination. Centromeres, epigenetically specified loci defined by the presence of the histone H3-variant, centromere protein A (CENP-A), are essential for chromosome segregation at cell division. ACDs in stem cells and in oocyte meiosis have been proposed to be reliant on centromere integrity for the regulation of the non-random segregation of chromosomes. It has recently been shown that CENP-A is asymmetrically distributed between the centromeres of sister chromatids in male and female Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs), with more CENP-A on sister chromatids to be segregated to the GSC. This imbalance in centromere strength correlates with the temporal and asymmetric assembly of the mitotic spindle and potentially orientates the cell to allow for biased sister chromatid retention in stem cells. In this essay, we discuss the recent evidence for asymmetric sister centromeres in stem cells. Thereafter, we discuss mechanistic avenues to establish this sister centromere asymmetry and how it ultimately might influence cell fate.

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