scholarly journals Induction of muscle genes in neural cells.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
W E Wright
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Myosin Light Chains ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Hybrids ◽  
Skeletal Myosin ◽  
Muscle Genes ◽  
Inducing Factors ◽  
Neural Cell Lines

The regulation of skeletal muscle genes was examined in heterokaryons formed by fusing differentiated chick skeletal myocytes to four different rat neural cell lines. Highly enriched populations of heterokaryons isolated using irreversible biochemical inhibitors were labeled with [35S]methionine and analyzed on two-dimensional gels. Rat skeletal myosin light chains were induced in three of the four cell combinations. The one exception, the S-20 cholinergic cell line, not only failed to synthesize rat muscle proteins but also suppressed chick myogenic functions. Experiments with heterokaryons between chick myocytes and cells from whole embryonic rat brain cultures demonstrated that rat skeletal myosin light chains are inducible in normal diploid neural cells as well as in established neural cell lines. In contrast, dividing cell hybrids between rat myoblasts and rat glial cells were nonmyogenic. These results demonstrate that although neural cells may contain factors that prevent the decision to differentiate along myogenic lines in cell hybrids, most neural cell lines do not dominantly suppress the expression of muscle structural genes in heterokaryons. Furthermore, the skeletal myosin light chain genes in most neural cell lines are regulated by a mechanism that permits them to respond to putative chick skeletal myocyte-inducing factors. The "open" state of these myogenic genes may explain many of the reports of apparent "transdifferentiation" to muscle in neural cultures and neural tumors.

scholarly journals Morphological changes in human neural cells following tick-borne encephalitis virus infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 1649-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Růžek ◽  
Marie Vancová ◽  
Martina Tesařová ◽  
Arunee Ahantarig ◽  
Jan Kopecký ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cells ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbev Infection ◽  
Neural Cell Lines

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the leading and most dangerous human viral neuroinfections in Europe and north-eastern Asia. The clinical manifestations include asymptomatic infections, fevers and debilitating encephalitis that might progress into chronic disease or fatal infection. To understand TBE pathology further in host nervous systems, three human neural cell lines, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, were infected with TBE virus (TBEV). The susceptibility and virus-mediated cytopathic effect, including ultrastructural and apoptotic changes of the cells, were examined. All the neural cell lines tested were susceptible to TBEV infection. Interestingly, the neural cells produced about 100- to 10 000-fold higher virus titres than the conventional cell lines of extraneural origin, indicating the highly susceptible nature of neural cells to TBEV infection. The infection of medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cells was associated with a number of major morphological changes, including proliferation of membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and extensive rearrangement of cytoskeletal structures. The TBEV-infected cells exhibited either necrotic or apoptotic morphological features. We observed ultrastructural apoptotic signs (condensation, margination and fragmentation of chromatin) and other alterations, such as vacuolation of the cytoplasm, dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and shrinkage of cells, accompanied by a high density of the cytoplasm. On the other hand, infected neuroblastoma cells did not exhibit proliferation of membranous structures. The virions were present in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytoplasm. Cells were dying preferentially by necrotic mechanisms rather than apoptosis. The neuropathological significance of these observations is discussed.

scholarly journals Human adenovirus serotypes 4p and 11p are efficiently expressed in cell lines of neural tumour origin

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1299-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Skog ◽  
Ya-Fang Mei ◽  
Göran Wadell
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Adenovirus Vector ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Adenovirus Receptor ◽  
Neural Cell Lines

Most currently used adenovirus vectors are based upon adenovirus serotypes 2 and 5 (Ad2 and Ad5), which have limited efficiencies for gene transfer to human neural cells. Both serotypes bind to the known adenovirus receptor, CAR (coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor), and have restricted cell tropism. The purpose of this study was to find vector candidates that are superior to Ad5 in infecting human neural tumours. Using flow cytometry, the vector candidates Ad4p, Ad11p and Ad17p were compared to the commonly used adenovirus vector Ad5v for their binding capacity to neural cell lines derived from glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. The production of viral structural proteins and the CAR-binding properties of the different serotypes were also assessed in these cells. Computer-based models of the fibre knobs of Ad4p and Ad17 were created based upon the crystallized fibre knob structure of adenoviruses and analysed for putative receptor-interacting regions that differed from the fibre knob of Ad5. The non CAR-binding vector candidate Ad11p showed clearly the best binding capacity to all of the neural cell lines, binding more than 90% of cells of all of the neural cell lines tested, in contrast to 20% or less for the commonly used vector Ad5v. Ad4p and Ad11p were also internalized and produced viral proteins more successfully than Ad5. Ad4p showed a low binding ability but a very efficient capacity for infection in cell culture. Ad17p virions neither bound or efficiently infected any of the neural cell lines studied.

Acute and Persistent Infection of Human Neural Cell Lines by Human Coronavirus OC43

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 3338-3350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Arbour ◽  
Geneviève Côté ◽  
Claude Lachance ◽  
Marc Tardieu ◽  
Neil R. Cashman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Human Neural Cell ◽  
Neural Cell Lines

ABSTRACT Human coronaviruses (HuCV) are recognized respiratory pathogens. Data accumulated by different laboratories suggest their neurotropic potential. For example, primary cultures of human astrocytes and microglia were shown to be susceptible to an infection by the OC43 strain of HuCV (A. Bonavia, N. Arbour, V. W. Yong, and P. J. Talbot, J. Virol. 71:800–806, 1997). We speculate that the neurotropism of HuCV will lead to persistence within the central nervous system, as was observed for murine coronaviruses. As a first step in the verification of our hypothesis, we have characterized the susceptibility of various human neural cell lines to infection by HuCV-OC43. Viral antigen, infectious virus progeny, and viral RNA were monitored during both acute and persistent infections. The astrocytoma cell lines U-87 MG, U-373 MG, and GL-15, as well as neuroblastoma SK-N-SH, neuroglioma H4, oligodendrocytic MO3.13, and the CHME-5 immortalized fetal microglial cell lines, were all susceptible to an acute infection by HuCV-OC43. Viral antigen and RNA and release of infectious virions were observed during persistent HuCV-OC43 infections (∼130 days of culture) of U-87 MG, U-373 MG, MO3.13, and H4 cell lines. Nucleotide sequences of RNA encoding the putatively hypervariable viral S1 gene fragment obtained after 130 days of culture were compared to that of initial virus input. Point mutations leading to amino acid changes were observed in all persistently infected cell lines. Moreover, an in-frame deletion was also observed in persistently infected H4 cells. Some point mutations were observed in some molecular clones but not all, suggesting evolution of the viral population and the emergence of viral quasispecies during persistent infection of H4, U-87 MG, and MO3.13 cell lines. These results are consistent with the potential persistence of HuCV-OC43 in cells of the human nervous system, accompanied by the production of infectious virions and molecular variation of viral genomic RNA.

scholarly journals Synthesis of rat myosin light chains in heterokaryons formed between undifferentiated rat myoblasts and chick skeletal myocytes.

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
W E Wright
Keyword(s):  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Myosin Light Chains ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Skeletal Myosin ◽  
Species Specific

The control of gene expression during terminal myogenesis was explored in heterokaryons between differentiated and undifferentiated myogenic cells by analyzing the formation of species specific myosin light chains of chick and rat skeletal muscle. Dividing L6 rat myoblasts served as the biochemically undifferentiated parent. The differentiated parental cells were mononucleated muscle cells (myocytes) that were obtained from primary cultures of embryonic chick thigh muscle by blocking myotube formation with EGTA and later incubating the postimitotic cells in cytochalasin B. Heterokaryons were isolated by the selective rescue of fusion products between cells previously treated with lethal doses of different cell poisons. 95-99% pure populations of heterokaryons formed between undifferentiated rat myoblasts and differentiated chick myocytes were obtained. The cells were labeled with [35S]methionine, and whole cell extracts were analyzed on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. These heterokaryons synthesize the light chain of chick myosin and both embryonic and adult light chains of rat skeletal myosin. Control homokaryons formed by fusing undifferentiated cells to themselves did not synthesize skeletal myosin light chains. Control heterokaryons formed between undifferentiated rat myoblasts and chick fibroblasts also failed to synthesize myosin light chains. These results indicate that differentiated chick muscle cells provide some factor that induces L6 myoblasts to synthesize rat myosin light chains. This system provides a model for investigating the processes by which differentiated cell functions are induced.

scholarly journals Attenuated glutamate induced ROS production by antioxidative compounds in neural cell lines

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (60) ◽  
pp. 34735-34743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haolin Xin ◽  
Ying Cui ◽  
Zhongping An ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Xuan Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Neural Cell Lines

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in neural function.

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