scholarly journals FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY DETECTION OF THE ANTIGENS OF THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN PAPILLOMAS OF THE WILD AND DOMESTIC RABBIT

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur Fiske Noyes ◽  
Robert C. Mellors
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Shope Papilloma Virus

The results obtained by a fluorescent antibody study of the Shope papilloma virus in papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit are presented. In the wild rabbit papillomas the viral antigens occurred exclusively in the nucleus and were present in the differentiating cells of the keratohyaline layers and in the keratinized layers. The antigens were not present in the deeper proliferating epithelial cells of the papillomas. The Shope viral antigens were present in very minute amounts in papillomas of the domestic rabbit, as compared with papillomas of the wild rabbit, and were only detected in the superficial keratinized layers. It is postulated that virus is present in the nuclei of the proliferating cells of the papillomas of the wild and domestic rabbit but exists there in an early stage of development, consisting mainly of nucleic acid and deficient in protein, therefore non-antigenic and not demonstrable by fluorescent antibody. The nucleic acid moiety of the virus may be infective, and the protein component may provide immunologic specificity and serve to preserve transmissibility. The protein-deficient virus can be referred to as masked virus.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanfield Rogers ◽  
Margaret Moore
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
Partial Specific Volume ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Shope Papilloma Virus

These studies make plain that the Shope papilloma virus induces the production of an arginase in rabbit squamous epithelium, and provide evidence that the information for the synthesis of the enzyme is derived from the virus rather than the rabbit. This form of induction is therefore different from that brought about by chemicals such as galactosides (36). Striking differences were shown between the physiochemical properties of Shope virus-induced arginase and other arginases of domestic and Kansas cottontail rabbits. The absence of a requirement for manganese suggests the mechanism of splitting off urea from arginine by papilloma arginase probably differs from that of previously described arginases. These findings (particularly the experiments in which it was demonstrated that papilloma growth could be greatly reduced by giving animals supplemental arginine in the presence of small amounts of the arginase inhibitor, canavanine) provide evidence that suggests the following mechanism of action for the virus: viral DNA introduces into rabbit epithelium the information for the synthesis of an arginase for which the cells have no control mechanism. The arginase depletes cellular arginine and, in turn, the synthesis of arginine-rich nuclear histones (2), thereby freeing the nucleus for greater synthetic activity (4, 35), which results in more rapid growth of the papilloma cells. Domestic rabbit papillomas induced with purified virus derived from wild rabbit papillomas were shown to contain an antigen which reacts immunologically like a wild rabbit antigen. It was distinct from the arginase, the protein coat of the virus, and the Vx-2 antigen. The presence of the wild rabbit antigen seems indicative of integration of the virus DNA in the host genome of the wild rabbit. Other incidental findings include the description of a simple method, accurate to within 1 per cent, for determining the partial specific volume of a protein, and the description of a modification of the Richards and Schachman method (9) enabling the determination of the molecular weight and homogeneity of a protein with as little as 0.25 mg and with an accuracy of 2 per cent.

scholarly journals Robust expression of LINE-1 retrotransposon encoded proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koel Mukherjee ◽  
Debpali Sur ◽  
Abhijeet Singh ◽  
Sandhya Rai ◽  
Neeladrisingha Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Unknown Mechanism ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Amino Acid Stretch

AbstractRetrotransposons are sequences which transpose within genomes using RNA as an intermediate. Long INterpersed Element-1 (LINE1 or L1) is the only active retrotransposon occupying around 17% of the human genome with an estimated 500,000 copies. An active L1 encodes two proteins (L1ORF1p and L1ORF2p); both of which are critical in the process of retrotransposition. In-order to propagate to the nextgeneration, L1s remain active in germ tissues and at an early stage of development. Surprisingly, by some unknown mechanism, L1 also shows activity in certain parts of the normal brain and many cancers. L1 activity is generally determined by assaying L1ORF1p because of its high expression and availability of the antibody. However, due to its lowerexpression and the unavailability of a robust antibody, detection of L1ORF2p has been limited. L1ORF2p is the crucial protein in the process of retrotransposition as it provides endonuclease and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. Here, we report a novel human L1ORF2p antibody generated using an 80-amino-acid stretch from the RT domain, which is highly conserved among different species. The antibody detects significant L1ORF2p expression in murine germ tissues and human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples. This particular cancer is prevalent in India due to excessive use of tobacco. Here, using our in-house antibodies against L1 proteins, we show that more than fifty percent of samples are positive for L1 proteins. Overall, we reported a novel L1ORF2p antibody that detects L1 activity in germ tissues and OSCC

scholarly journals INDUCTION OF TUMORS IN DOMESTIC RABBITS WITH NUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS FROM PARTIALLY PURIFIED SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AND FROM EXTRACTS OF THE PAPILLOMAS OF DOMESTIC AND COTTONTAIL RABBITS

1961 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Ito ◽  
Charles A. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Virus Preparation ◽  
Minute Amount ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Intact Virus ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
Tumorigenic Activity ◽  
Shope Papilloma Virus

A deoxyribonucleic acid preparation which showed infectivity and tumorigenic activity in domestic rabbits was isolated from the papillomatous tissue of wild cottontail rabbits by phenolic deproteinization procedure. The activity of the preparation could be completely abolished by its exposure to a minute amount (0.02 µg/ml) of DNAase. Antisera against Shope papilloma virus did not block the tumorigenic activity of the preparation, and trypsin and chymotrypsin had no effect on it. The extraction with phenol of a partially purified virus preparation also yielded extracts with tumorigenic potency. Extracts obtained from the domestic rabbit papilloma and submitted to phenolic deproteinization also proved infective and tumorigenic in rabbits of this sort, although the level of "tumorigenicity" was much lower than that of the cottontail preparations. Tests for intact virus, carried out with half of the extracts yielded wholly negative findings.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF QUANTITATIVE CHANGES OF THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS AT THE SITE OF INOCULATION IN THE SKIN OF THE COTTONTAIL AND DOMESTIC RABBIT

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorolf Packalén
Keyword(s):  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Rabbit Skin ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Cottontail Rabbit ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Virus Content ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Shope Papilloma Virus

By excising after varying intervals the site of inoculation of the rabbit skin injected intracutaneously with the Shope papilloma virus and titrating its virus content, it has been shown that demonstrable active virus disappears from the skin within approximately 24 hours. The disappearance of most of the virus within such a short time as 15 to 60 minutes makes a transportation of virus from the site of inoculation as a responsible factor unlikely. The rate of disappearance seems to be the same both in the domestic and in the cottontail rabbit.

scholarly journals Are Animal Tumor Viruses Always Virus-Like?

1962 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Shope
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Viral Nucleic Acid ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Cottontail Rabbit ◽  
Tumor Viruses ◽  
Immature Virus

Three tumors initiated by well characterized viruses, but in which virus is not detectable by ordinary virological techniques, are discussed. The question of the possible state of the virus within these seemingly non-infectious tumors is considered, largely from the standpoint of findings with the rabbit papilloma virus. This agent in its natural host, the cottontail rabbit, is infective, can be seen as virus bodies with the electron microscope, and can be visualized with fluorescent antibody only in the upper keratinizing cells of individual papillomas. At the growing bases of such papillomas, where neoplasia is in active progress, no infective virus is demonstrable and viral bodies cannot be visualized by either the electron microscope or fluorescent antibody. A hypothesis is presented that rabbit papilloma virus exists in cottontail papillomas in two forms—one, the complete mature virus, composed of nucleic acid and protein, and the other, immature virus, composed of naked viral nucleic acid without its protein coating. The function of the mature papilloma virus is to initiate tumor formation,—that of the immature virus, to maintain neoplasia. In the non-infective domestic rabbit papilloma, the viral nucleic acid and protein fail to combine to form mature infective virus and, as in the cottontail papilloma, neoplasia is maintained by the activity of the viral nucleic acid alone.

scholarly journals THE DETECTION OF A "MASKED" VIRUS (THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS) BY MEANS OF IMMUNIZATION

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Induced Resistance ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Domestic Rabbit ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Antiviral Antibody ◽  
Immunization Procedure ◽  
Decisive Evidence ◽  
Shope Papilloma Virus

A study has been made of the immunization procedure described by Shope, with particular reference to the detection of "masked" papilloma virus by means of it. Papilloma extracts were frequently encountered which, though non-pathogenic, elicited the specific antiviral antibody and induced resistance to the virus upon injection intraperitoneally into normal rabbits. The results of the immunization experiments were often complicated, however, by the effects of extravasated antibody, which had accumulated in various amounts in many of the papillomas and was consequently present in extracts of them together with "masked" virus. The extravasated antibody was often sufficient to render extracts of domestic rabbit papillomas non-antigenic; and sometimes, when present in excess, its passive transfer conferred resistance to reinfection with the virus. The conclusion seems warranted that only positive immunization findings can be interpreted with certainty. Negative results provide no decisive evidence as to whether "masked" virus is or is not present in the injected material, unless the amount of extravasated antibody also present is known. The findings may have a bearing on the negative outcome of immunization experiments with extracts of the cancers deriving from the natural papillomas of cottontails. Crude suspensions of domestic rabbit papillomas, which contain little or no virus demonstrable by ordinary methods, are far less antigenic than extracts of the natural growths of wild rabbits, which contain virus in quantity. In explanation of the finding the possibility seems worthy of attention that domestic rabbit papillomas may contain much less virus than the growths of cotton tails, the natural hosts of the virus.

The Application of UX Research in New Energy Vehicle Innovation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menghan TAO ◽  
Ning XIAO ◽  
Xingfu ZHAO ◽  
Wenbin LIU
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Product ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Energy ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
The One ◽  
New Energy Vehicles ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

New energy vehicles(NEV) as a new thing for sustainable development, in China, on the one hand has faced the rapid expansion of the market; the other hand, for the new NEV users, the current NEVs cannot keep up with the degree of innovation. This paper demonstrates the reasons for the existence of this systematic challenge, and puts forward the method of UX research which is different from the traditional petrol vehicles research in the early stage of development, which studies from the user's essence level, to form the innovative product programs which meet the needs of users and being real attractive.

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