scholarly journals CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS WITH DIFFERENT ALLOTYPIC SPECIFICITIES IN RABBIT LYMPHOID TISSUES

1965 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benvenuto Pernis ◽  
Gerolamo Chiappino ◽  
Andrew S. Kelus ◽  
Philip G. H. Gell
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Double Staining ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
B Locus ◽  
Two Populations

The cellular localization of allotypes in rabbit lymphoid tissues has been studied by immunofluorescence. In heterozygous animals the double staining for two allotypes controlled by allelic genes (A1 and A2; A4 and A5; A4 and A6) has shown the existence of two populations of plasma cells, one containing one allotype and the other the alternative one. The localization in different cells of immunoglobulins marked by allelic allotypic specificities has been confirmed by microspectrography of single cells. An exception to this rule was given by the presence in the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles of apparently uniform mixtures of products of the two allelic genes. Double staining for two allotypes controlled by genes at different loci showed, instead, the presence of many cells containing both allotypes; the number of these cells was highest in doubly homozygotes, in the other it was consistent with random association of non-allelic specificities. In addition double staining for one allotype and gamma G globulins in the lymphoid tissues of rabbits homozygous at the a or at the b locus, has shown the presence of cells containing immunoglobulins that lack one allotype.

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF MARROW-DERIVED AND THYMUS-DERIVED SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE LYMPHOID TISSUE AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF NORMAL RATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Howard ◽  
S. V. Hunt ◽  
J. L. Gowans
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Uridine Uptake ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Lymphocyte Populations ◽  
Two Populations

These experiments show that small lymphocytes from the thoracic duct of rats are normally a mixture of thymus-derived and marrow-derived cells, and define the traffic areas in lymphoid tissues through which the two populations recirculate. Thoracic duct lymphocytes were labeled in vitro with uridine-3H and their histological distribution in the lymphoid tissues of normal recipients was demonstrated by radioautography. Labeled lymphocytes occupied two adjacent areas distinguished by a marked difference in the intensity of labeling; heavily labeled cells were found in thymus-dependent traffic areas of lymphocyte recirculation, while lightly labeled cells localized in the thymus-independent follicular areas around germinal centers. A corresponding heterogeneity of uridine uptake among small lymphocytes from normal donors was demonstrated by sedimentation at 1 g; slowly sedimenting cells incorporated little uridine and localized in follicular areas after transfusion while rapidly sedimenting cells incorporated more uridine and localized in thymus-dependent areas after transfusion. Experimentally prepared marrow-derived small lymphocytes behaved in sedimentation studies and after transfusion like a pure population of the lightly labeled small lymphocytes in normal lymph. Artificially reconstituted mixtures of marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes were qualitatively indistinguishable from normal lymphocyte populations.

scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONS OF THE THYMUS SYSTEM AND THE BURSA SYSTEM IN THE CHICKEN

1966 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max D. Cooper ◽  
Raymond D. A. Peterson ◽  
Mary Ann South ◽  
Robert A. Good
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Dependent Development ◽  
Graft Versus Host

The bursa of Fabricius and the thymus are "central lymphoid organs" in the chicken, essential to the ontogenetic development of adaptive immunity in that species. Surgical removal of one or both of these organs in the newly hatched chicken, followed by sublethal X-irradiation the next day, has permitted recognition of two morphologically distinct cell systems in the "peripheral lymphoid tissues" of the spleen, gut, and other organs, and clear definition of the separate functions of each cell system. The thymus-dependent development is represented morphologically by the small lymphocytes of the circulation and the white pulp type of development in the tissues. As in mammals, the thymus-dependent tissues of the chicken are basic to the ontogenesis of cellular immunity: graft versus host reactions, responses of delayed hypersensitivity and homograft rejection; and play a less clearly defined role in the antibody response to at least some antigens. Thymectomized-irradiated chickens are deficient in all these responses, and grow more slowly than any of the other experimental groups. In these animals germinal centers, plasma cells, and capacity for immunoglobulin synthesis remain intact. The bursa-dependent development is represented morphologically by the larger lymphocytes of the germinal centers and the plasma cells, and functionally by the immunoglobulins. Bursectomized-irradiated chickens are agammaglobulinemic and unable to produce detectable antibody despite intense, repeated stimulation with bovine serum albumin and Brucella abortus organisms. The thymus-dependent development in these animals seems to be normal; they have adequate numbers of lymphocytes in the circulation and tissues, are able to reject skin homografts, though more slowly than usual, and to exercise graft versus host reactions. The short life span of these chickens has precluded adequate study of responses of delayed hypersensitivity. There was no evidence of significant impairment of reticuloendothelial function in either the bursectomized-irradiated or the thymectomized-irradiated group, as judged by the clearance of colloidal gold and I131-tagged keyhole limpet hemocyanin.

scholarly journals Ectopic Germinal Centers and IgG4-Producing Plasmacytes Observed in Synovia of HLA-B27+ Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients with Advanced Hip Involvement

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiugao Feng ◽  
Xiangjin Xu ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Zhiyong Zheng ◽  
Guiying Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Follicular Dendritic Cells ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Synovial Tissues ◽  
First Time ◽  
Severe Fibrosis

Introduction. Ectopic lymphoid neogenesis and the presence of IgG4-positive plasmacytes have been confirmed in chronic inflammatory sclerosing diseases. This study aims to investigate hip synovial tissues of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients for IgG4-positive plasma cells and ectopic lymphoid tissues with germinal centers (GCs).Methods. Synovial samples were collected from 7 AS patients who received total hip replacement and were evaluated using immunohistochemistry for the presence of CD20+ B-cells, CD3+ T-cells, CD21+ follicular dendritic cells (FDC), and CD38+ plasma cells. Furthermore, immunoglobulin G (IgG and IgG4), IgA, IgM, and complement components C3d and C4d in synovia were evaluated. Both synovial CD21+ FDCs and IgG4-producing plasmacytes were analyzed.Results. All seven patients had severe fibrosis. Massive infiltrations of lymphocytes were found in 5 out of 7 patients’ synovia. Ectopic lymphoid tissues with CD21+ FDC networks and IgG4-positive plasma cells were observed coincidentally in two patients’ synovia.Conclusion. The pathophysiological mechanism of AS patients’ hip damage might be related to the coincidental presence of ectopic lymphoid tissue with FDCs network and IgG4-positive plasma cells identified here for the first time in AS patients’ inflamed synovial tissue.

scholarly journals ГІСТОЛОГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЛІМФОЇДНИХ УТВОРЕНЬ ШЛУНКА І ТОНКОЇ КИШКИ У КЛІНІКО-ПАТОГЕНЕТИЧНОМУ ПРОФІЛІ БАБЕЗІОЗУ

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
І.І. Торяник
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Nodular Hyperplasia

Peripheral lymphoid organs respond immediately to a decrease in the body's defence responses, and their localisation and morphological specificity account for their active involvement in immunogenesis (especially in animals). This fact accentuates the morpho-functional estimation of the lymphoid tissue condition with the purpose of timely diagnostics of starting deviations and preventing the development of decompensated changes. Thus, the analysis of histological changes of the latter in natural and experimental prototypes of babesiosis is relevant. The aim of the research is to define the role of histological changes of lymphoid masses in the stomach and small intestine in the formation of the clinical and pathogenetic profile of babesiosis. We studied the structural changes of lymphoid masses of the stomach and small intestine in animals with babesiosis postmortem by histological methods. Fixation was traditionally carried out in 12% aqueous formalin solution, dehydration in alcohol (30º to absolute), and pouring (paraffin/ celloidin). Staining was conducted with eosin and haematoxylin, Van Gizon, Brasche. Analysis was performed using an Olympus BX-41 microscope, Japan (x 100; x 200; x 1350). Verification was carried out by cytological, ultramicroscopic, molecular genetic methods (polymerase chain reaction) and in a biological experiment on animals. Analysis of specimens of the lamina propria in the gastric mucosa of the animals in the experimental group and clinical observation group established that the latter contained diffuse accumulations of the lymphoid tissue. Their dispersal involved different parts of the organ, including quite large areas. Haematoxylin and eosin staining gave a clear histological pattern with a marked contrast of fragments, which contributed to diagnostic resources. Lymphoid follicles were observed occasionally, their marginal, mantle zones were blurred. The germinative centres were not detected and did not show any lucency. Neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes and plasma cells predominated among the cellular leucocyte populations. Examination of the lymphoid apparatus of the small intestine showed predominantly diffuse nodular hyperplasia, which was widespread. A focal version of the nosological prototype was observed in individual specimens occasionally, presented as single cells (most often in the terminal parts of the organ). Histological changes of lymphoid masses of the stomach and small intestine in animals with babesiosis consisted in the development of expressive diffuse nodular hyperplasia with disorganization of the structure of lymphoid follicles, destruction of zonality of the latter, making it impossible to detect germinative centres.

scholarly journals Russell Body Typhlitis: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 106689692110082
Author(s):  
Sarah Al-Rawaf ◽  
Salem Alowami ◽  
Robert Riddell ◽  
Asghar Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tubulovillous Adenoma ◽  
Inflammatory Polyp ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions

Russell bodies are accumulation of immunoglobulin in plasma cells forming intracytoplasmic inclusions. Russell body colitis is rare with only 3 cases described in the English literature up to date. We report a 78-year-old male with cirrhosis showing prominent cecal infiltration of Russell body containing plasma cells. Plasma cells showed no nuclear atypia or mitoses, and no evidence of light chain restriction. In this article, we report a fourth case of Russell body colitis, that is unique in being localized to the cecum in contrast to the other 3, 1 of which was in an inflammatory polyp in the sigmoid colon, 1 in a rectal tubulovillous adenoma and 1 as part of diffuse gastrointestinal disease. This is therefore the first report of localized Russell body typhlitis, occurring in a cirrhotic patient in whom an adjacent erosion was likely nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated, a combination that may have facilitated the formation of Russell bodies.

The development of body and organ shape

BMC Zoology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansa E. Cobham ◽  
Christen K. Mirth
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Size Characterization ◽  
Organ Shape ◽  
The Many

Abstract Background Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body. Main text Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics. Conclusion In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.

Genetic and biological characterization of Newcastle disease viruses circulating in Bangladesh during 2010–2017: further genetic diversification of class II genotype XIII in Southcentral Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nooruzzaman ◽  
Tanjin Tamanna Mumu ◽  
Congriev Kumar Kabiraj ◽  
Azmary Hasnat ◽  
Md Mijanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Complete Fusion ◽  
F Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Distance ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Gene Data

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is endemic in Bangladesh and is a major threat to commercial poultry operations. While complete fusion (F) genes are recommended for molecular characterization and classification of NDV isolates, heretofore, only partial F gene data have been available for Bangladeshi NDVs. To this end, we obtained the full-length F gene coding sequences of 11 representative NDVs isolated in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2017. In addition, one of the viruses (MK934289/chicken/Bangladesh/C161/2010) was used in an experimental infection of chickens to establish the viral pathotype and study gross and microscopic lesions. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that all studied Bangladeshi isolates belong to genotype XIII.2 of class II NDVs. Six of the viruses were isolated between 2010 and 2017 and grouped together with isolates from neighbouring India during 2013–2016. Another four Bangladeshi isolates (2010–2016) formed a separate monophyletic branch within XIII.2 and showed high nucleotide distance from the isolates from India and the other six Bangladeshi viruses within the sub-genotype; however, none of these groups fulfils all classification criteria to be named as a separate sub-genotype. The eleventh Bangladeshi virus studied here (C162) was genetically more distant from the remaining isolates. It out-grouped the viruses from sub-genotypes XIII.2.1 and XIII.2.2 and showed more than 9.5 % nucleotide distance from all genotype XIII sub-genotypes. This isolate may represent an NDV variant that is evolving independently from the other viruses in the region. The experimental infection in chickens revealed that the tested isolate (C161) is a velogenic viscerotropic virus. Massive haemorrhages, congestion and necrosis in different visceral organs, and lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues, typical for infection with velogenic NDV, were observed. Our findings demonstrate the endemic circulation of sub-genotype XIII.2 in Southcentral Asia and further genetic diversification of these viruses in Bangladesh and neighbouring India. This constant evolution of the viruses may lead to the establishment of new genetic groups in the region. Additional historical and prospective virus and surveillance data from the region and neighbouring countries will allow a more detailed epidemiological inference.

scholarly journals Cryptopatches and isolated lymphoid follicles: dynamic lymphoid tissues dispensable for the generation of intraepithelial lymphocytes

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Pabst ◽  
Heike Herbrand ◽  
Tim Worbs ◽  
Michaela Friedrichsen ◽  
Sheng Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles

scholarly journals CELLULAR SITES OF FORMATION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Ortega ◽  
R. C. Mellors
Keyword(s):  
Germinal Center ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

The cellular sites of formation of γglobulin in lymphatic tissues of man and in a representative human lymphoid infiltrate have been studied by fluorescent antibody technique. The findings indicate that γ-globulin is formed in the germinal centers of lymphatic nodules and in the cytoplasm of mature and immature plasma cells of two types—those with and those without Russell bodies. The germinal center cells that synthesize γ-globulin have been designated "intrinsic" cells to distinguish them from the medium and large lymphocytes, and the primitive reticular cells that occur elsewhere and do not produce γ-globulin. Unlike the plasma cells, which function as individual units, the intrinsic cells apparently form γ-globulin only when they are arranged in discrete aggregations. The function, the blood supply, and the systematic cellular arrangement of germinal centers justifies the postulate that they are miniature organs of internal secretion of γ-globulin. The release of γ-globulin from its sites of formation appears to be accomplished by holocrine and apocrine secretion. Presumably, these secretory mechanisms are adaptations required for the production of antibody since they have not been described in parenchymal cells that form the other serum proteins. The cells found to form γ-globulin appear to be identical with those previously shown to form specific antibody in response to a variety of antigens in the experimental animal. This evidence indicates that normal γ-globulin, if it exists, originates in the same cells that produce antibody. It is suggested, also, that each of the 3 morphologically distinct categories of cells that synthesize γ-globulin represents a response to a particular form of antigenic stimulation. Nuclear participation in the process of γ-globulin synthesis was not detected by the technique employed.

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