Genetic and biological characterization of Newcastle disease viruses circulating in Bangladesh during 2010–2017: further genetic diversification of class II genotype XIII in Southcentral Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Nooruzzaman ◽  
Tanjin Tamanna Mumu ◽  
Congriev Kumar Kabiraj ◽  
Azmary Hasnat ◽  
Md Mijanur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Complete Fusion ◽  
F Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Distance ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Gene Data

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is endemic in Bangladesh and is a major threat to commercial poultry operations. While complete fusion (F) genes are recommended for molecular characterization and classification of NDV isolates, heretofore, only partial F gene data have been available for Bangladeshi NDVs. To this end, we obtained the full-length F gene coding sequences of 11 representative NDVs isolated in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2017. In addition, one of the viruses (MK934289/chicken/Bangladesh/C161/2010) was used in an experimental infection of chickens to establish the viral pathotype and study gross and microscopic lesions. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that all studied Bangladeshi isolates belong to genotype XIII.2 of class II NDVs. Six of the viruses were isolated between 2010 and 2017 and grouped together with isolates from neighbouring India during 2013–2016. Another four Bangladeshi isolates (2010–2016) formed a separate monophyletic branch within XIII.2 and showed high nucleotide distance from the isolates from India and the other six Bangladeshi viruses within the sub-genotype; however, none of these groups fulfils all classification criteria to be named as a separate sub-genotype. The eleventh Bangladeshi virus studied here (C162) was genetically more distant from the remaining isolates. It out-grouped the viruses from sub-genotypes XIII.2.1 and XIII.2.2 and showed more than 9.5 % nucleotide distance from all genotype XIII sub-genotypes. This isolate may represent an NDV variant that is evolving independently from the other viruses in the region. The experimental infection in chickens revealed that the tested isolate (C161) is a velogenic viscerotropic virus. Massive haemorrhages, congestion and necrosis in different visceral organs, and lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues, typical for infection with velogenic NDV, were observed. Our findings demonstrate the endemic circulation of sub-genotype XIII.2 in Southcentral Asia and further genetic diversification of these viruses in Bangladesh and neighbouring India. This constant evolution of the viruses may lead to the establishment of new genetic groups in the region. Additional historical and prospective virus and surveillance data from the region and neighbouring countries will allow a more detailed epidemiological inference.

The influence of dietary carbohydrates on experimental infection withTrichuris suisin pigs

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. THOMSEN ◽  
S. PETKEVIČIUS ◽  
K. E. BACH KNUDSEN ◽  
A. ROEPSTORFF
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Barley Flour ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fermentable Carbohydrates

Two experiments (Exps 1 and 2) were carried out to study the effect of dietary carbohydrates on the establishment ofTrichuris suisin pigs. Two experimental diets based on barley flour were used; Diet 1 was supplemented with non-fermentable carbohydrates from oat hull meal, while Diet 2 was supplemented with fermentable carbohydrates from sugar beet fibre and inulin. In Exp. 1, thirty-two pigs were allocated randomly into 4 groups. Two groups were fed Diet 1 and 2 groups were fed Diet 2. Pigs from one of each diet group were inoculated with 2000 infectiveT. suiseggs each and the other two groups were uninfected controls. All pigs were slaughtered 8 weeks post-inoculation (p.i.). In Exp. 2, twenty-four pigs were allocated randomly into 2 groups and fed Diet 1 or Diet 2, respectively. All the pigs were inoculated with 2000 infectiveT. suiseggs. Six pigs from each group were slaughtered 8 weeks p.i. and the remaining 6 pigs from each group were slaughtered 12 weeks p.i. Infections were followed by faecal egg counts and worm burdens were assessed at necropsy. Pigs fed Diet 2 had lower egg counts in both experiments; in Exp. 2 the difference was significant (P<0·05). No differences were found in worm burdens 8 weeks p.i. in both experiments, however, worms from pigs on Diet 2 were significantly shorter (P<0·0001). Pigs fed Diet 2 and slaughtered 12 weeks p.i. had significantly lower worm counts (P<0·01) compared to pigs fed Diet 1. The results indicate that fermentable carbohydrates do not affect the establishment ofT. suisin naïve pigs, but result in earlier expulsion and reduced growth of the established worms. Thus, diets with highly fermentable carbohydrates may be used in the control ofT. suis.

scholarly journals High Genetic Diversity of Newcastle Disease Virus in Wild and Domestic Birds in Northeastern China from 2013 to 2015 Reveals Potential Epidemic Trends

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1530-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingze Zhang ◽  
Guangyao Xie ◽  
Xinxin Liu ◽  
Lili Ai ◽  
Yanyu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Class I ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Domestic Birds

ABSTRACTNewcastle disease (ND), caused by the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is one of the most important viral diseases of birds globally, but little is currently known regarding enzootic trends of NDV in northeastern China, especially for class I viruses. Thus, we performed a surveillance study for NDV in northeastern China from 2013 to 2015. A total 755 samples from wild and domestic birds in wetlands and live bird markets (LBMs) were collected, and 10 isolates of NDV were identified. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that five isolates from LBMs belong to class I subgenotype 1b, two (one from wild birds and one from LBMs) belong to the vaccine-like class II genotype II, and three (all from wild birds) belong to class II subgenotype Ib. Interestingly, the five class I isolates had epidemiological connections with viruses from southern, eastern, and southeastern China. Our findings, together with recent prevalence trends of class I and virulent class II NDV in China, suggest possible virus transmission between wild and domestic birds and the potential for an NDV epidemic in the future.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequences of Two Newcastle Disease Virus Strains Isolated from a Wild Duck and a Pigeon in Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsel R. Kabilov ◽  
Tatyana Y. Alikina ◽  
Kseniya S. Yurchenko ◽  
Alexandra V. Glushchenko ◽  
Konstantin V. Gunbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Comparative Sequence Analysis ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Wild Duck ◽  
F Gene ◽  
Virus Strains

Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates, Adygea/duck/12/2008, from a wild duck in Russia, and Altai/pigeon/777/2010, from a pigeon in Russia. Based on comparative sequence analysis of the F gene, these strains were classified as NDV class II, genotypes VIId and VIb/2, respectively.

In situ cytokine gene expression in early stage of virulent Newcastle disease in chickens

2021 ◽  
pp. 030098582110459
Author(s):  
Corrie Brown ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Mary Pantin-Jackwood ◽  
Kiril Dimitrov ◽  
Helena Lage Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Ifn Γ

Selected lymphoid and reproductive tissues were examined from groups of 3-week-old chickens and 62-week-old hens that were inoculated choanally and conjunctivally with 106 EID50 of a virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate from the California 2018–2020 outbreak, and euthanized at 1, 2, and 3 days postinfection. In the 3-week-old chickens, immunohistochemistry for NDV and for T and B cell lymphocytes, as well as in situ hybridization for IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α revealed extensive expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in lymphoid tissues, often coinciding with NDV antigen. IFN-γ was only expressed infrequently in the same lymphoid tissues, and TNF-α was rarely expressed. T-cell populations initially expanded but by day 3 their numbers were below control levels. B cells underwent a similar expansion but remained elevated in some tissues, notably spleen, cecal tonsils, and cloacal bursa. Cytokine expression in the 62-week-old hens was overall lower than in the 3-week-old birds, and there was more prolonged infiltration of both T and B cells in the older birds. The strong pro-inflammatory cytokine response in young chickens is proposed as the reason for more severe disease.

scholarly journals The problems of syncretism

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmer Ringgren
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complete Fusion ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
The One

That which happens when two religions meet is obviously different from case to case. It is possible for two "organized" religions to exist side by side for centuries without any exchange taking place. But otherwise, we are obviously moving along a continuum, the one pole of which is the repression of one of the two religions, the other a complete fusion of them. From another point of view, the results of syncretism may be grouped according to the degree in which the foreign elements are felt as essential or less essential. On this broad definition, the topic before us is vast. As a matter of fact few religions are totally "pure" or homogeneous and free from elements of syncretism or traces of an encounter with other religions.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF VITAMIN E AND COD LIVER OIL SUPPLEMENT WITH BIVALENT OIL BASED VACCINE OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS DISEASE ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE BROILERS.

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDULWAHID & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis

This study was aimed to enhance the immune response of the broilers by vitamin E and Cod liver oil supplement with locally inactivated bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease and Infectious bronchitis viruses. One hundred and twenty broiler chicks Ross 308 were divided to four groups at 30 chicks of each group. The 2nd group was vaccinated with 0.5ml/chick of locally inactivated ND-IB vaccine at 5 days old. The 3rd group was vaccinated with 0.5ml locally ND-IB vaccine and 0.1 ml/chick of VE. The 4th group was vaccinated with 0.5ml of locally ND-IB vaccine and 0.1ml/chick of Cod liver oil, while the first group was left without vaccination as a control group. All groups were vaccinated with attenuated ND-IB at 3 days old and attenuated IBD at 14 days old. The results of ELISA test revealed that the 3rd and 4th groups showed significantly increased (P≤0.05) in Ab titers against ND virus at aged 35 days, also, the 4th group showed significantly (P≤0.05) increased in Ab titers against IB virus at day 35 of age as compared with the other groups. The 4th group showed a significant (P≤0.05) increased in bursal index as compared with the other groups. The results of challenge test revealed that vaccinated groups resist the velogenic ND and IB viruses with relatively high productive range particularly the 4th group as compared with other groups. In conclusion, the VE and Cod liver oil supplement with local bivalent oil based vaccine of ND and IBV may enhance the immune response of the broilers particularly the 4th group which vaccinated with 0.5 ml of local bivalent oil based vaccine of ND-IB vaccine and 0.1 ml Cod liver oil.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Newcastle Disease Virus in Layers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Bordoloi ◽  
Anju Nayak ◽  
A.P. Singh ◽  
R.V. Singh ◽  
Kajal Jadav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
F Gene ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) in spite of the availability of vaccines remains a constant threat to poultry producers worldwide. It is prevalent in Indian subcontinent and leads to economic losses. The present study was aimed with isolate and identify virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in layer poultry from field outbreaks.Methods: Total 47 samples consisting of nasal (05), oropharyngeal (13) and cloacal swabs (11) and tissue samples consisting of trachea (07), lungs (06), larynx (05) were collected from layer birds. For isolation of NDV swab and tissue samples were inoculated in 9-11 days old embryonated eggs via allantoic cavity route. After preparing the viral inoculum, 47 suspected samples (29 swab and 18 tissue samples) were inoculated in 141 embryonated eggs to isolate the virus.Result: Out of 47 samples 10 (21.27%) samples were positive for HA activity. All the 10 isolates showing HA activity subjected to Reverse-Transcriptase PCR of F gene and 6 were found positive in RT-PCR for F1 gene. The PCR amplified product showed amplicon at 356 bp and 254 bp positive for F1 and F2 gene, respectively. On basis of F gene, 06 (50%) isolates were considered as virulent Newcastle Disease Virus. One isolate sequence was submitted at NCBI with accession MT890653 On phylogenetic analysis MT890653 designated as Class II/ genotype II/ virulent strain and had the motif 112R-R-R-K-R-F117 at the cleavage site of the fusion protein.

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