scholarly journals CELLULAR SITES OF FORMATION OF GAMMA GLOBULIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Ortega ◽  
R. C. Mellors
Keyword(s):  
Germinal Center ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Reticular Cells ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

The cellular sites of formation of γglobulin in lymphatic tissues of man and in a representative human lymphoid infiltrate have been studied by fluorescent antibody technique. The findings indicate that γ-globulin is formed in the germinal centers of lymphatic nodules and in the cytoplasm of mature and immature plasma cells of two types—those with and those without Russell bodies. The germinal center cells that synthesize γ-globulin have been designated "intrinsic" cells to distinguish them from the medium and large lymphocytes, and the primitive reticular cells that occur elsewhere and do not produce γ-globulin. Unlike the plasma cells, which function as individual units, the intrinsic cells apparently form γ-globulin only when they are arranged in discrete aggregations. The function, the blood supply, and the systematic cellular arrangement of germinal centers justifies the postulate that they are miniature organs of internal secretion of γ-globulin. The release of γ-globulin from its sites of formation appears to be accomplished by holocrine and apocrine secretion. Presumably, these secretory mechanisms are adaptations required for the production of antibody since they have not been described in parenchymal cells that form the other serum proteins. The cells found to form γ-globulin appear to be identical with those previously shown to form specific antibody in response to a variety of antigens in the experimental animal. This evidence indicates that normal γ-globulin, if it exists, originates in the same cells that produce antibody. It is suggested, also, that each of the 3 morphologically distinct categories of cells that synthesize γ-globulin represents a response to a particular form of antigenic stimulation. Nuclear participation in the process of γ-globulin synthesis was not detected by the technique employed.

Cellular site for prothrombin synthesis

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion I. Barnhart
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Parenchymal Cell ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Natural Fluorescence ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

The cell type responsible for synthesis of any of the trace plasma proteins concerned in blood coagulation has not been identified before. In this study the fluorescent antibody technique was used to find out the cellular site for prothrombin synthesis. Fluorescent antiprothrombin precipitated out on bovine liver parenchymal cells containing adequate concentrations of prothrombin. The specificity of the reaction was established using various absorptive and blocking techniques. The antiprothrombins produced were species specific. Not all parenchymal cells reacted uniformly with fluorescent antiprothrombin so that groups of brilliantly fluorescing cells were seen among cells displaying dim natural fluorescence. This may mean that only a certain type of parenchymal cell produces prothrombin or that there is cyclic production of prothrombin.

STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN THE GLOMERULI OF RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-904
Author(s):  
A. L. Sherwin ◽  
A. Leznoff ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Immunological Specificity

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of chicken antirabbit glomerulus serum (nephrotoxic serum). These rabbits were simultaneously immunized, either actively or passively, with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Autologous gamma-globulin was identified in the glomeruli of these nephritic rabbits by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of an anti-BSA or anti-OA component in the gamma-globulin even though these antibodies were present in high titer in the blood. This suggests that the autologous gamma-globulin present in the lesions is entirely specific antibody rather than an accumulation of serum gamma-globulin.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ANTIBODY ON INTRACELLULAR PARASITISM OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES IN VITRO

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justus Gelzer ◽  
Emanuel Suter
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Infected Cells

The effect of antibody on the fate of Salmonella typhimurium within mononuclear phagocytes (MN) of rabbits was studied in vitro. Monocytes and bacteria were incubated either in absence or presence of antibody. After 45 minutes during which phagocytosis occurred infected cells were washed to remove extracellular bacilli and free antibody. The cells were then reincubated in a medium without addition of antibody, and the interaction between the MN and bacteria was followed, correlating bacterial viability and the morphology of the mixture. The following results were obtained. The anti-Salmonella antibody was not bactericidal even in presence of complement and did not enhance phagocytosis. Regardless of whether antibody was present or absent during phagocytosis, the bacteria appeared to multiply within the cells. When no antibody was present during phagocytosis the infected cells were severely damaged within a few hours of incubation, and extensive extracellular multiplication was dominating. When antibody was present during phagocytosis MN packed with bacteria persisted for a long time. Little or no extracellular growth occurred. It was possible to demonstrate the presence of the antibody within the infected MN, using the fluorescent antibody technique. The antibody appeared as a coat around the bacteria. Antibody entered the cells only during phagocytosis, presumably attached to the bacteria. The active factor of the immune serum was found in the gamma globulin fraction and reacted specifically with the somatic antigen of Salmonella typhimurium. The antiflagellar portion of the antiserum was not involved in the phenomenon described. It is concluded that this antibody protects monocytes against the effect of intracellularly located Salmonella.

STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN THE GLOMERULI OF RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 897-904
Author(s):  
A. L. Sherwin ◽  
A. Leznoff ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
High Titer ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Immunological Specificity

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of chicken antirabbit glomerulus serum (nephrotoxic serum). These rabbits were simultaneously immunized, either actively or passively, with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Autologous gamma-globulin was identified in the glomeruli of these nephritic rabbits by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of an anti-BSA or anti-OA component in the gamma-globulin even though these antibodies were present in high titer in the blood. This suggests that the autologous gamma-globulin present in the lesions is entirely specific antibody rather than an accumulation of serum gamma-globulin.

Die Bedeutung der Plasmazellen als Antikörperbildner

1964 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Trautwein
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
And Function

During the last two decades, it has been shown by a great number of morphological, clinical, and experimental investigations that the humoral antibodies are formed by plasma cells. Plasma cells are immobile connective tissue cells which are formed in the medullary cords of lymph nodes, the red pulp of the spleen, the bone marrow, and in the adventitia of small blood vessels. The theory of the plasmacellular antibody formation is based on these clinical and experimental observations: (1) Correlation of hypergammaglobulinemia in the blood serum and proliferation of plasma cells in the tissue in various diseases of men and animals. (2) Correlation of antibody concentration in the blood serum and plasma cell proliferation in hyperimmunized experimental animals. (3) Demonstration of antibody formation in plasma cells by in vitro experiments and extraction of γ-globulin from plasma cells. (4) Detection of antibodies in plasma cells with the fluorescent antibody technique. Macrophages and lymphocytos also play a role in antibody formation. While it is the function of the macrophages to transform corpuscular antigen into soluble immunogenic antigen, the lymphocytes play the role of a co-factor. In newborns the thymus lymphocytes transmit substances which are necessary for the development and function of the antibody producing system. The complicated problems of globulin synthesis in the antibody producing cell are explained in the light of the genetic theory of antibody formation advanced by Ehrich.

THYMIC ALYMPHOPLASIA WITH HYPER-IgE-GLOBULINEMIA

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 690-696
Author(s):  
Yumio Kikkawa ◽  
Kikuro Kamimura ◽  
Tokiro Hamajima ◽  
Tokihiko Sekiguchi ◽  
Tadashi Kawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Serum Ige ◽  
Heart Lesion ◽  
Ige Synthesis

The clinical and autopsy findings of a 5-month-old patient with thymic alymphoplasia and increased serum IgE levels are reported. A congenital heart lesion was diagnosed at 15 days of age, eczema at 1 month of age, and infections of the skin, ears, and respiratory tract recurred until death. Peripheral lymphocytopenia and eosinophilia, and increased concentrations of serum IgE (16.2µg/ml) and IgM were present. The serum contained normal levels of IgG and IgA. Isohemagglutinins and viral neutralizing antibodies were not present in the serum. Bacterial and drug antibodies were present, as demonstrated by PK reaction. At autopsy the thymus was hypoplastic and without Hassall's corpuscles. There were few small lymphocytes but follicular lymphocytes and plasma cells were relatively normal in lymph nodes. IgE forming cells were found in the lymph nodes and lamina propria of intestine by fluorescent antibody technique. Peripheral lymphocytes showed blastlike transformation but not mitosis. The findings suggest that the thymus plays a role in the regulation of IgE synthesis.

scholarly journals THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS (γ2, γ1M, γ1A)

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Mellors ◽  
Leonhard Korngold
Keyword(s):  
Germinal Center ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Fetal Thymus ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Human Immunoglobulins ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Reticular Cells

A study was made of the cellular origin of human immunoglobulins (γ2, γ1M, γ1A). The results indicated that two closely related families of cells form immunoglobulins in human lymphoid tissue: germinal (reticular) centers and plasma cells. Thus their cellular origin in addition to their known antigenic relations further justifies placing the immunoglobulins in one family of proteins. Immunoglobulins were also formed to a small extent in primitive reticular cells which resembled those of germinal centers but were separated from them. Possibly such cells were undergoing transition to the much more numerous plasma cells with which they were commonly associated. The mantles of small lymphocytes which surrounded germinal centers did not contain detectable quantities of immunoglobulins. While in general only one type of immunoglobulin was present in an individual cell or germinal center, γ2- and γ1M-globulin were identified on occasion in the same plasma cell and germinal center. A peculiarity of the fetal thymus gland was the presence of immunoglobulin, mainly γ1M, in a small number of cells of small and intermediate size and primitive reticular appearance and in Hassall's corpuscles.

scholarly journals IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AMYLOID BY THE FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE

1956 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinto J. Vazquez ◽  
Frank J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Experimental Amyloidosis ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Amyloid Deposits ◽  
High Concentrations

The immunohistochemical composition of amyloid deposits in secondary human amyloidosis and experimental amyloidosis in rabbits was studied by means of the "fluorescent antibody" technique of Coons et al. Quantitative studies of the relative amounts of gamma globulin present in the amyloid deposits by the use of radioiodinated fluorescent antibody are reported. It is concluded that amyloid deposits in several organs from cases of secondary human amyloidosis and experimental amyloidosis in rabbits contain considerable concentrations of gamma globulin. The presence of gamma globulin in amyloid might be interpreted as either a metabolic deposition of circulating globulin present in high concentrations in the plasma or as a result of an immunologic reaction involving antigen and antibody.

Prothrombin synthesis in the dog

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon F. Anderson ◽  
Marion I. Barnhart
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin K ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Vigorous Activity ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Liver parenchymal cells were found to be the sites for production of prothrombin. Dogs were employed and their rate of prothrombin synthesis was modified as desired by giving either Coumadin or vitamin K1. The fluorescent antibody technique was found a valuable aid in evaluating liver cell function. Under normal conditions there is periodic synthesis of prothrombin with only 10% of the parenchymal cells actively participating at any one time. Prothrombin-deficient or normal dogs can be stimulated to more vigorous activity by giving vitamin K1. In such circumstances all the liver parenchymal cells were able to synthesize prothrombin. A regulatory mechanism promotes either synthesis, storage, or release of prothrombin by liver parenchymal cells. No other cell types of the liver, spleen, or bone marrow appeared capable of synthesizing prothrombin.

Rapid quantification and in situ detection of nitrifying bacteria in biofilms by monoclonal antibody method

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Noda ◽  
H. Ikuta ◽  
Y. Ebie ◽  
A. Hirata ◽  
S. Tsuneda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Antibody Method ◽  
In Situ Detection ◽  
Rapid Quantification

Fluorescent antibody technique by the monoclonal antibody method is very useful and helpful for the rapid quantification and in situ detection of the specific bacteria like nitrifiers in a mixed baxterial habitat such as a biofilm. In this study, twelve monoclonal antibodies against Nitrosomonas europaea (IFO14298) and sixteen against Nitrobacter winogradskyi (IFO14297) were raised from splenocytes of mice (BALB/c). It was found that these antibodies exhibited little cross reactivity against various kinds of heterotrophic bacteria. The direct cell count method using monoclonal antibodies could exactly detect and rapidly quantify N. europaea and N. winogradskyi. Moreover, the distribution of N. europaea and N. winogradskyi in a biofilm could be examined by in situ fluorescent antibody technique. It was shown that most of N. winogradskyi existed near the surface part and most of N. europaea existed at the inner part of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) gel pellet, which had entrapped activated sludge and used in a landfill leachate treatment reactor. It was suggested that this monoclonal antibody method was utilized for estimating and controlling the population of nitrifying bacteria as a quick and favorable tool.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document