scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF INDUCED CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIONS ON THE IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASES OF NEW ZEALAND MICE

1970 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Tonietti ◽  
Michael B. A. Oldstone ◽  
Frank J. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections ◽  
Immunologic Diseases ◽  
Capillary Walls

Chronic infections induced at birth with either LCM, an RNA virus, or polyoma, a DNA virus, in NZB, NZW, and NZB x W mice enhance ANA formation, aggravate the immune complex glomerulonephritis, and increase the associated mortality. The ANA titer was increased without apparent change in specificity of the antibodies involved in all three types of mice. Glomerulonephritis, while more severe in infected mice, was of the same type as occurred spontaneously and was characterized by a granular to lumpy accumulation of host IgG and C3 in the mesangia and along the capillary walls of the glomeruli. Of the LCM infected mice of all three types over 50% had died of glomerulonephritis by 6 months and over 85% by 9 months. Of the polyoma infected mice of all three types approximately 20% had died of glomerulonephritis by 6 months and over 40% by 9 months. Of the uninfected controls of all three types less than 10% had died by 6 months and less than 20% at 9 months except for the NZB x W females which had a 67% mortality at 9 months as a result of their spontaneous glomerulonephritis. The two viral infections had significant effect on the incidence of anti-red cell antibodies or the severity of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in any of the three NZ mice.

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE COMPLEX GLOMERULONEPHRITIS OF NEW ZEALAND MICE

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Dixon ◽  
Michael B. A. Oldstone ◽  
Giorgio Tonietti
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Immune Complex ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Antinuclear Antibody ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Viral Antigens ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections ◽  
Nuclear Antigens ◽  
Antigen Antibody

Observations based on elution of IgG from nephritic kidneys of NZ mice and absorption of the eluted IgG with selected antigens indicate that their immune complex nephritis involves at least two kinds of antigen-antibody complexes. Antibodies reactive with nuclear antigens account for nearly half of the IgG eluted from the kidneys while antibodies reactive with Gross viral antigens make up a significant but lesser amount. Superimposed chronic viral infections affect the nephritis of NZ mice in different ways. LCM and polyoma infections hasten and intensify the antinuclear antibody responses and glomerulonephritis of these mice while LDV infection appears to protect against both antinuclear antibody formation and development of nephritis.

scholarly journals Function of Membrane Rafts in Viral Lifecycles and Host Cellular Response

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadanobu Takahashi ◽  
Takashi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Membrane Rafts ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Viral Virulence ◽  
Cellular Signal ◽  
Induced Signal

Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release processes of virus particles). In the viral cycle, membrane rafts act as a scaffold of many cellular signal transductions, which are associated with symptoms caused by viral infections. In this paper, we describe the functions of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response according to each virus classification, each stage of the virus lifecycle, and each virus-induced signal transduction.

scholarly journals A single-cell reference atlas delineates CD4+ T cell subtype-specific adaptation during acute and chronic viral infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Andreatta ◽  
Zachary Sherman ◽  
Ariel Tjitropranoto ◽  
Michael C Kelly ◽  
Thomas Ciucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections ◽  
Memory States

CD4+ T cells are critical orchestrators of immune responses against a large variety of pathogens, including viruses. The multifaceted roles of CD4+ T cells, including their help to innate cells, CD8+ T and B cells and their support for long-lived immunity rely on a profound functional heterogeneity. While multiple CD4+ T cell subtypes and their key transcriptional regulators have been identified, there is a lack of consistent definition for CD4+ T cell transcriptional states. In addition, the progressive changes affecting CD4+ T cell subtypes during and after immune responses remain poorly defined. Taking advantage of single-cell transcriptomics, efficient computational methods, and robust animal models, we characterize the transcriptional landscape of CD4+ T cells responding to self-resolving and chronic viral infections. We build a comprehensive atlas of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and their evolution over time, and identify six major distinct cell states that are consistently observed in acute and chronic infections. During the course of acute infection, T cell composition progressively changes from effector to memory states, with subtype-specific gene modules and kinetics. Conversely, T cells in persistent infections fail to transition from effector to memory states, and acquire distinct, chronicity-associated transcriptional programs. By single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analysis, we characterize the clonal structure of virus-specific CD4+ T cells across individuals and T cell subtypes. We find that virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses are mainly private across individuals and that most T cells differentiate into all subtypes independently of their TCR, in both acute and chronic infections. Finally, we show that our CD4+ T cell atlas can be used as a reference to accurately interpret cell states in external single-cell datasets. Overall, this study describes a previously unappreciated level of adaptation of the transcriptional states of CD4+ T cells responding to viruses and provides a new computational resource for CD4+ T cell analysis, available online at https://spica.unil.ch.

Blood-Borne Chronic Viral Infections in a Large Cohort of Immigrants in Southern Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Coppola ◽  
Caterina Monari ◽  
Loredana Alessio ◽  
Lorenzo Onorato ◽  
Luciano Gualderi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Large Cohort ◽  
Chronic Viral Infections

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza and other respiratory viral infections in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Sue Huang ◽  
◽  
Tim Wood ◽  
Lauren Jelley ◽  
Tineke Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractStringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as lockdowns and border closures are not currently recommended for pandemic influenza control. New Zealand used these NPIs to eliminate coronavirus disease 2019 during its first wave. Using multiple surveillance systems, we observed a parallel and unprecedented reduction of influenza and other respiratory viral infections in 2020. This finding supports the use of these NPIs for controlling pandemic influenza and other severe respiratory viral threats.

scholarly journals Fludarabine Inhibits Infection of Zika Virus, SFTS Phlebovirus, and Enterovirus A71

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Chengfeng Gao ◽  
Chunxia Wen ◽  
Zhifeng Li ◽  
Shuhan Lin ◽  
Shu Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Severe Fever

Viral infections are one of the leading causes in human mortality and disease. Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are a powerful weapon against new and re-emerging viruses. However, viral resistance to existing broad-spectrum antivirals remains a challenge, which demands development of new broad-spectrum therapeutics. In this report, we showed that fludarabine, a fluorinated purine analogue, effectively inhibited infection of RNA viruses, including Zika virus, Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, and Enterovirus A71, with all IC50 values below 1 μM in Vero, BHK21, U251 MG, and HMC3 cells. We observed that fludarabine has shown cytotoxicity to these cells only at high doses indicating it could be safe for future clinical use if approved. In conclusion, this study suggests that fludarabine could be developed as a potential broad-spectrum anti-RNA virus therapeutic agent.

scholarly journals Vaccine responses in ageing and chronic viral infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Rees-Spear ◽  
Laura E McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Immunological Changes ◽  
Cellular Responsiveness ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Lay Summary Improved life expectancy in recent years has led to a growing population of adults over the age of 60. Age is commonly associated with increased inflammatory conditions and infections. Similar immunological changes have been observed during chronic infections, in particular HIV, where this is compounded by the success of antiretroviral therapy that has increased the number of people living with HIV into their sixties and beyond. The increased susceptibility of these groups to infection makes vaccination all the more important. However, the alterations to their immune systems call into question how effective those vaccinations may be. Here we discuss vaccine efficacy within elderly and chronically infected populations and investigate the immunological changes that may impact vaccine responsiveness. Over the last few decades, changing population demographics have shown that there is a growing number of individuals living past the age of 60. With this expanding older population comes an increase in individuals that are more susceptible to chronic illness and disease. An important part of maintaining health in this population is through prophylactic vaccination, however, there is growing evidence that vaccines may be less effective in the elderly. Furthermore, with the success of anti-viral therapies, chronic infections such as HIV are becoming increasingly prevalent in older populations and present a relatively unstudied population with respect to the efficacy of vaccination. Here we will examine the evidence for age-associated reduction in antibody and cellular responsiveness to a variety of common vaccines, and investigate the underlying causes attributed to this phenomenon, such as inflammation and senescence. We will also discuss the impact of chronic viral infections on immune responses in both young and elderly patients, particularly those living with HIV, and how this affects vaccinations in these populations.

scholarly journals Redox-Modulating Agents in the Treatment of Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Checconi ◽  
Marta De Angelis ◽  
Maria Elena Marcocci ◽  
Alessandra Fraternale ◽  
Mauro Magnani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Enzymatic Systems ◽  
Strong Inflammatory Response

Viruses use cell machinery to replicate their genome and produce viral proteins. For this reason, several intracellular factors, including the redox state, might directly or indirectly affect the progression and outcome of viral infection. In physiological conditions, the redox balance between oxidant and antioxidant species is maintained by enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems, and it finely regulates several cell functions. Different viruses break this equilibrium and induce an oxidative stress that in turn facilitates specific steps of the virus lifecycle and activates an inflammatory response. In this context, many studies highlighted the importance of redox-sensitive pathways as novel cell-based targets for therapies aimed at blocking both viral replication and virus-induced inflammation. In the review, we discuss the most recent findings in this field. In particular, we describe the effects of natural or synthetic redox-modulating molecules in inhibiting DNA or RNA virus replication as well as inflammatory pathways. The importance of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 is also discussed. Most of the data reported here are on influenza virus infection. We believe that this approach could be usefully applied to fight other acute respiratory viral infections characterized by a strong inflammatory response, like COVID-19.

scholarly journals Viral hepatitis and liver cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1732) ◽  
pp. 20160274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Ringehan ◽  
Jane A. McKeating ◽  
Ulrike Protzer
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Oncogenic Viruses ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Future Design ◽  
End Stage

Hepatitis B and C viruses are a global health problem causing acute and chronic infections that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These infections are the leading cause for HCC worldwide and are associated with significant mortality, accounting for more than 1.3 million deaths per year. Owing to its high incidence and resistance to treatment, liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with HCC representing approximately 90% of all primary liver cancer cases. The majority of viral-associated HCC cases develop in subjects with liver cirrhosis; however, hepatitis B virus infection can promote HCC development without prior end-stage liver disease. Thus, understanding the role of hepatitis B and C viral infections in HCC development is essential for the future design of treatments and therapies for this cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on hepatitis B and C virus hepatocarcinogenesis and highlight direct and indirect risk factors. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document