scholarly journals DETECTION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NOSE AND THROAT AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND MONKEYS

1939 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Kramer ◽  
B. Hoskwith ◽  
L. H. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Nose And Throat

Five strains of virus were recovered from nasal washings and feces. Four strains were of human origin, the fifth strain came from a monkey sacrificed at the height of the disease. Of the four human strains the first was isolated from the feces of a 14 year old child 7 days after the onset of illness. The second strain was from the nasal washings of a 6½ year old child, 5 days after the onset of illness. The third and fourth strains were recovered from the same patient, a 2½ year old child, 9 days after the onset of illness. One of these strains was obtained from nasopharyngeal washings and the other from the feces. The single monkey strain was isolated from the upper intestinal segment and appears to be the only instance of its isolation from this source in the literature. We believe that the detection of the virus in the nasal washings of two additional patients during convalescence lends further support to the belief that the virus of poliomyelitis is spread by human contact. Furthermore, the recovery of the virus from the gastro-intestinal tract with as great or greater frequency as from the upper respiratory tract, need not, it appears to us, alter our concept of the mode of entrance of the virus into the body, namely, by way of the upper respiratory tract. If the presence of the virus is conceded, then a consideration of the physiologic passage of nasal and oral secretions into the gastro-intestinal tract by reflex swallowing would serve to explain adequately the presence of the virus in those organs. It might even be further predicated that since the gastro-intestinal tract functions as a temporary reservoir for secretions from the upper respiratory tract, the gut should, after a time, contain the virus in higher concentration than any single sample of secretion obtained from the upper respiratory tract by nasal washing. It appears to us that failures to detect the virus in the gastro-intestinal tract are perhaps more indicative of inadequate procedures for its detection than of its absence. The recovery of the virus from the feces 7 and 9 days after the onset of illness takes on added significance. It indicates first, that the virus withstands the gastric acidity which under normal physiological conditions tends to keep gastric contents relatively free of bacteria. It further suggests that improper disposal of feces from patients with poliomyelitis may have serious public health consequences, particularly in smaller communities where inadequate sewage disposal may result in contamination of surrounding beaches or even local water systems.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA

1920 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Francis G. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acute Stage ◽  
Cebus Capucinus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Virulent influenza bacilli, when injected into the nose and throat of monkeys (Cebus capucinus and Macacus syrichtus), excite an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, infiltration of the mucosa and subrnucosa with leucocytes, desquamation of epithelial cells, and the production of a mucopurulent exudate. The accessory sinuses are often implicated in the infection. 2. Experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections of the upper respiratory tract are frequently accompanied or followed by bronchiolitis, peribronchial infiltration, and bronchopneumonia with hemorrhage and edema in the early stage, emphysema and bronchiectasis in the later stages. In general, the process closely resembles uncomplicated Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia in man. 3. The injection of virulent influenza bacilli directly into the trachea of monkeys induces in them an experimental bronchiolitis and hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, similar in all respects to spontaneous Bacillus influenzæ pneumonia. 4. In experimental Bacillus influenzæinfections of either the upper or lower respiratory tract the influenza bacillus can usually be recovered during .the acute stage by culture, either pure or in association with other bacteria. 5. In experimental Bacillus influenzæ infections in monkeys characteristic changes occur in the thymus gland—hyperplasia of the follicles, distention of the lymphatic channels, and infiltration of the parenchyma with leucocytes. This enlargement appears to be merely part of a general hyperplasia of the lymphoid structures in the cervical and thoracic regions.

scholarly journals THE FREQUENCY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NOSE AND THROAT IN ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest G. Stillman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lobar Pneumonia ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat

1. Bacillus influenza is frequently found in association with lobar pneumonia. 2. In lobar pneumonia both Bacillus influenza and pneumococcus are frequently found in the nose. 3. The influenza bacilli found in the upper respiratory tract of cases of lobar pneumonia are of various types. 4. The exact significance of these findings is at the present time not clear.

scholarly journals Modern possibilities of herbal medicine in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
A. V. Gurov ◽  
A. V. Muzhichkova
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Pelargonium Sidoides ◽  
Medicinal Substances ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

The article provides data on the effectiveness of the use of the drug in the treatment of acute, chronic and recurrent diseases of the respiratory tract and ENT organs. The drug is an extract of Pelargonium sidoides. From the standpoint of modern pharmacology, it is known that the use of natural products based on plant materials ensures safety and the absence of pronounced side effects. The main active ingredients of pelargonium are phenolic compounds: coumarins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The article details the biochemical and pharmacological properties of each of the above groups of compounds. It has been shown that the presence of several classes of phenolic compounds simultaneously contributes to the potentiation of the pharmacological effects of each group separately. Therefore, drug has a pronounced polytropic effect: antiviral, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytoprotective. The article presents the results of numerous domestic and foreign randomized, placebo-controlled studies demonstrating its high efficacy and safety in the treatment of ENT diseases, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis, not only in adults, but also in children over 1 year old. On the basis of the analyzed and presented material, the authors concluded that the use of a natural-based drug in the treatment of acute respiratory infection is effective and safe, both as monotherapy and in combination with other medicinal substances. He is able to quickly eliminate not only the symptoms of inflammation, but also to support the body with any ailments of this type.

scholarly journals Outdoor Activity: Benefits and Risks to Recreational Runners during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswar Makruf ◽  
Doni Hikmat Ramdhan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Strenuous Activity ◽  
Open Window ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Running has become one of the most popular recreational sports worldwide. It is an easily accessible form of exercise as there are minimal equipment and sport structure requirements. Aerodynamic simulation experiments showed a risk of droplet exposure between runners when two people run in a straight line at a close distance (slipstream). Thus, running activities require a safe physical distance of 10 meters to avoid droplet exposure, which can be a source of transmission of COVID-19 infection. However, running outdoors during the COVID-19 pandemic is still often done in pairs and even in groups without wearing a mask. Open window theory stated that changes in the immune system occur immediately after strenuous physical activity. Many immune system components showed adverse changes after prolonged strenuous activity lasting more than 90 minutes. These changes occurred in several parts of the body, such as the skin, upper respiratory tract, lungs, blood, and muscles. Most of these changes reflected physiological stress and immunosuppression. It is thought that an “open window” of the compromised immune system occurs in the 3–72-hour period after vigorous physical exercise, where viruses and bacteria can gain a foothold, increasing the risk of infection, particularly in the upper respiratory tract. Outdoor physical activity positively affects psychological, physiological, biochemical health parameters, and social relationships. However, this activity requires clear rules so that the obtained benefits can be more significant while simultaneously minimizing the risk of transmission of COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals CoViD-19: An early intervention therapeutic strategy to prevent developing a severe disease as an alternative approach to control the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAMID MERCHANT
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Holistic Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory

While we wait for a confirmed drug or a vaccine for CoViD-19, it may be possible to intervene early to prevent the virus causing a severe disease to offer an alternative therapeutic strategy to control the pandemic. The global burden of CoViD-19 on the healthcare system can be significantly reduced by targeting CoViD-19 patients with or without symptoms who are self-isolating at home or in quarantine. If any therapeutic support can be offered to this group of patients that could attenuate the virus within the upper respiratory tract during the early stages of CoViD-19, it can give the body the time to produce enough antibodies to recover naturally from the disease before progressing into severe disease. An early intervention can, therefore, prevent the virus to get down the lower respiratory tract, reduce the number of cases with severe disease involving pneumonia and the need for hospitalisation. This article presents a simple yet holistic treatment strategy that involves inhaling steam supplemented with essential oils possessing wide spectrum antimicrobial properties in conjunction with oropharyngeal sanitisation to all those who are CoViD-19 positive or are under self-isolation due to symptoms. The approach is very simple, cheap, and effective in relieving the symptoms of the disease and is likely to reduce the viral load in the upper respiratory tract that may help recover from the infection. Since there is no vaccine or treatment yet approved to prevent or treat the CoViD-19, the importance of early intervention is invaluable in reducing the global disease burden. In the authors opinion, this strategy may be very effective to nip the infection in the bud before it gets difficult to treat and therefore, have a potential to significantly reduce the CoViD-19 associated hospitalisation.

scholarly journals Investigation of the relationship between fractal and hydraulic properties of porous structures of the upper respiratory tract of some Arctic animals

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hydraulic Resistance ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Fractal Structures ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The respiratory ducts of animals and humans are presented by curved tubes with complex geometries. The open areas in such structures are filled with moving air governed by a pressure drop between the inlet and outlet of the duct. The complex structures formed by thin walls and warmed by constant blood flow at the body temperatures T=36-39 C serve for fast and efficient warming of the inhaled air to the body temperature and its moistening up to 100% humidity. The Arctic animals possess the most efficient nasal ducts allowing the heating of the inhaled air from T=-30-60C to T=38-39 C during the duct with the length L=8-15 only. The detailed geometry of the nasal ducts of some Arctic animal has been studied on the computed tomograms (CT) scans of the heads of the animals found in the open databases and published in literature. The highly porous structures on some slices are formed by fractal-like divisions of the walls protruded into the nasal lumen. Since the fractal structures are characterized by their fractal dimensions D, the relationships between the hydrodynamic properties and fractal dimensions of the porous structures of the upper respiratory tract of some Arctic animals has been studied. The dimensions D of the cross sections of the tract have been calculated by the counting box method. The porosities of the samples, the tortuosity of the pores, and the equivalent hydraulic diameter Dh of the channel have been calculated. Sierpinski fractals of various types have been used as models of porous structures, for which the above listed parameters, as well as hydraulic resistance to a stationary flow, have also been computed. A number of statistical dependencies between the calculated parameters were revealed, but the absence of their correlations with D was shown. It was obtained, the structures with different porosities and hydraulic resistance Dh can have the same values ​​of D. Therefore, the choice of an adequate model based on only D value introduces significant errors in the calculations of air heating along the upper respiratory tract. The statistical dependences inherent in the natural samples studied can be obtained only on the basis of multifractal models in which the number and shape of the channels, as well as the scale of their decrease, change in a certain way at each generation.

scholarly journals HEMATOLOGICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF OCCUPATIONALLY AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONED DISEASES IN MEDICAL WORKERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
L. M. Karamova ◽  
Natalya V. Vlasova ◽  
L. G. Gizatullina ◽  
L. M. Masyagutova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Hemoglobin Content ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Medical Examinations

Introduction. Medical workers in the process of labor are exposed to a complex of adverse factors: neuro-emotional, physical stress of a chemical, physical and biological nature. A long stay in a hospital environment with medical workers can lead to the formation of various diseases of microbiological etiology or the carriage of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora and the development of dysbiosis. Objective. Give hematological and bacteriological characteristics of the health status of medical workers. Material and methods. The results of laboratory studies of blood and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of medical workers performed during the performing occupational medical examinations are analyzed. Results. Hematological indices were found to be characterized by an increased hemoglobin content in one-fourth of the examined workers, as well as lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, cholesterolemia. The microflora of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is mainly represented by Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes in 65.2% of the workers; the remaining 34.8% were revealed to have a resident microflora. With the experience of work, the frequency of insemination increases and doubles by 10 years of the work. The structure of microflora is also changing. In the nosological form of occupational morbidity, allergic diseases prevail and account for 60.8%, tuberculosis - 26.0%, and hepatitis - 8,6%. Conclusion. All these changes in the body are the basis of pathogenetic manifestations in the formation of allergic and pathogenic pathologies, which make up to 70.0% of all occupational morbidity.

scholarly journals On the importance of the upper respiratory tract for the body

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1240-1250
Author(s):  
V. K. Trutnev
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Over the past decades, the problem of nasal breathing has attracted the attention of a wide range of researchers.

ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA AND DIPHTHERIA CARRIER STATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
M. W. Beach ◽  
W. B. Gamble ◽  
C. H. Zemp ◽  
Margaret Q. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nose And Throat ◽  
Active Disease ◽  
Primary Form

The treatment of acute diphtheria has not been drastically changed by the use of antibiotics. Antitoxin remains the primary form of therapy. However, the eradication of virulent diphtheria bacilli from the upper respiratory tract of patients with the active disease and of carriers is of considerable importance in the control of the disease. Streptomycin is effective in vitro and in infections produced experimentally but it has not been clinically evaluated in acute diphtheria or in the carrier state. Chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracyline, although active against the causative organisms, have not had sufficient clinical trial to permit evaluation in the control of diphtheria and the carrier state. Penicillin eradicates C. diphtheriae from the nasopharynx in 75 per cent of patients within a period of 3 to 4 days. In this study erythromycin eradicated the C. diptheriae from the nose and throat in all of the cases in an average of 2 days in the active cases and in an average of 3 days in the carrier state. In the treatment of diphtheria erythromycin appears on the basis of the present and of previous studies to be the most promising antibiotic developed to date. Erythromycin is advocated as an adjunct to and not as a substitute for antitoxin in the treatment of acute diphtheria.

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