scholarly journals ENLARGEMENT OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN EXPERIMENTAL UREMIA

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eaton M. MacKay ◽  
Lois Lockard MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Irregular Distribution ◽  
Storage Materials ◽  
Adrenal Enlargement ◽  
Medullary Cells

The production of an experimental uremia in the albino rat by removal of both kidneys is followed by hypertrophy of the adrenal glands. In the case of male rats 90 days of age this adrenal enlargement amounted to 65 per cent and in the case of female rats 180 days of age 47 per cent. The increase in the size of the whole gland is due entirely to hypertrophy of the cortex. This increase in the volume of cortical tissue amounted to approximately 40 per cent for males and 61 per cent for females and was due in large part to an increase in the size of the cells. The content of water and material soluble in fat solvents was higher in the uremic than the control glands. However after subtraction of such storage materials a true hypertrophy of the cortex still remained. It amounted to 21 per cent. Histologically the stainable fat had a more irregular distribution and was present in lesser amount in the adrenals from the uremic animals. The capillaries of the medulla and reticular cortex were distended. The nuclei of both the cortical and medullary cells were swollen and stained faintly.

scholarly journals COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eaton M. MacKay ◽  
Lois Lockard MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Albino Rat

1. Removal of one adrenal in the albino rat is followed by hypertrophy of the remaining gland. In the case of female rats 90 days of age this compensatory hypertrophy amounted to 61 per cent. 2. The increase in size of the whole gland is due entirely to hypertrophy of the cortex. This increase in cortical tissue amounted to approximately 91 per cent and was due in large part if not entirely to an increase in the size of the cells. 3. No increase in the size of the medulla or its cells was found.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF HAIR GROWTH IN THE ALBINO RAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Hair Growth ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Second Wave

SUMMARY 1. Spaying of female rats aged 7 weeks accelerated the passage of the second wave of hair growth. Longer hairs were produced as a result of faster growth, and the rate of loss of dead or 'club' hairs [cf. Johnson, 1958] was increased. 2. Oestradiol implanted into spayed females delayed the initiation and passage of the wave. Shorter hairs were produced by a reduced rate of growth, and loss of club hairs was inhibited. 3. Castration of male rats aged 7 weeks accelerated the passage of the second wave of growth, and implantation of testosterone slowed it down. Testosterone had no effect on the definitive length of hair produced or on the rate at which club hairs were lost. 4. Oestradiol implanted into castrated males produced the same effects as in spayed females except that it had no effect on the time of initiation of the wave. 5. Combined implantation of testosterone with oestradiol into castrated males did not off-set the inhibitory effects of the oestradiol on hair length or rate of loss of club hairs, but may have slightly speeded the hair wave.

scholarly journals The Effects of High Peripubertal Caffeine Exposure on the Adrenal Gland in Immature Male and Female Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Young Ryu ◽  
Jaesook Roh
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Caffeine Exposure

The consumption of high levels of dietary caffeine has increased in children and adolescents. Human and animal studies have shown that chronic intake of high doses of caffeine affects serum glucocorticoid levels. Given that glucocorticoids play a role in peripubertal organ growth and development, chronic high doses of caffeine during puberty might impair maturation of the adrenal glands. To evaluate any effects of caffeine exposure on growing adrenal glands, 22-day-old male (n = 30) and female Sprague Dawley rats (n = 30) were divided into three groups (n = 10/group); group 1 received tap water (control) and groups 2 and 3 received water containing 120 and 180 mg/kg/day caffeine, respectively, via gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, adrenal glands were weighed and processed for histological analysis. Relative adrenal weights increased in both groups of caffeine-fed males and females, whereas absolute weights were decreased in the females. In the female caffeine-fed groups the adrenal cortical areas resembled irregularly arranged cords and the medullary area was significantly increased, whereas no such effects were seen in the male rats. Our results indicate that the harmful effects of caffeine on the adrenal glands of immature rats differ between females and males. Although female rats seemed to be more susceptible to damage based on the changes in the microarchitecture of the adrenal glands, caffeine affected corticosterone production in both female and male rats. In addition, increased basal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels in caffeine-fed groups may reflect decreased cortical function. Therefore, caffeine may induce an endocrine imbalance that disturbs the establishment of the hypothalamo–pituitary adrenal axis during puberty, thereby leading to abnormal stress responses.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE MATURATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE ALBINO RAT

1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. EAYRS
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Litter Mate ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The growth of the body and central nervous system and the emergence of stereotyped behaviour have been studied in male and female rats during the first 24 days of life. The effects of daily injections of equine gonadotrophin on these measures have also been investigated. The weight of the body and of the central nervous system was significantly less in the female than in the male. The daily administration of 10 i.u. of equine gonadotrophin was without effect on either. The movements of the trunk and limbs concerned in the body-righting reflex became coordinated more slowly in the gonadotrophin-injected animals than in their litter-mate controls. At 15 days old, male rats were able to right in mid-air more successfully than litter-mate females. The placing reflex appeared earlier in the male than in the female. Its appearance was accelerated in the females given gonadotrophin, but not in the males. In the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord of 24-day-old experimental animals, the axis cylinders occupied more space relative to that occupied by myelin than did those of the controls. The total amount of myelin present was unchanged. There was no sex difference in the progress of myelination in the spinal cord. The significance of these findings in relation to the secretion of sex hormones is discussed. It is suggested that the secretion of androgen may be responsible for an acceleration of nervous maturation.

CORRELATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL HISTOPATHOLOGY WITH ARTERIOSCLEROSIS IN BREEDER RATS

1964 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard C. Wexler
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Severe Haemorrhage ◽  
Male And Female Rats

ABSTRACT Spontaneous arteriosclerosis develops in repeatedly bred male and female rats. Virgin rats of an age comparable to breeder rats do not develop arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis becomes increasingly severe with each successive breeding. In a parallel manner, the thymus gland involutes and the adrenal glands become hypertrophied and hyperplastic with each breeding. During the early stages of the development of arteriosclerosis, the adrenal cortex shows storage of lipids. With continued breeding, the zona glomerulosa increases in width and becomes depleted of lipid. In some cases, growth of the adrenal medulla causes compression of the cortex against the capsule of the gland and the pleomorphic nature of the medullary cells resembles a phaeochromocytoma. In some female breeders with severe arteriosclerosis the adrenal cortex shows severe haemorrhage and thromboses causing marked reduction of the cortex. The histophysiological changes observed in the adrenal cortex of breeder rats are believed to be analogous to conditions seen in humans with hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing's disease. It is suggested that there may be a close correlation between the abnormal adrenal function engendered by repeated breeding and the development of the arteriosclerosis.

Effects of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids on compensatory adrenal growth in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (4) ◽  
pp. E450-E456 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Phillips ◽  
C. Crock ◽  
J. Funder
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Unilateral Adrenalectomy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

The rapid compensatory growth seen in the remaining adrenal gland of the rat after unilateral adrenalectomy appears to require a functioning neural arc between the adrenal glands and the hypothalamus, but the role of adrenal or pituitary hormones is unclear. We have examined the effect of several steroids on the compensatory adrenal growth (CAG). Female and male rats (average wt 140 g) were unilaterally adrenalectomized and treated with aldosterone (2.1 micrograms/day), corticosterone (B, 28 micrograms/day), dexamethasone (28 micrograms/day), 9 alpha-fluorocortisol (9 alpha FC, 28 micrograms/day), or deoxycorticosterone (DOC, 28 micrograms/day) by continuous infusion for 3 days and then killed. The growth in the remaining adrenal was compared both with sham-operated rats treated with steroid infusions and with noninfused controls. In rats of this size females have larger adrenals than males; untreated male rats have significantly heavier left than right adrenals. In male rats the extent of CAG after no treatment or treatment with aldosterone B, 9 alpha FC, or DOC depended on the size of the adrenal gland removed. In both male and female rats CAG was not significantly affected by aldosterone, in contrast with a recent report, nor by B, 9 alpha FC, or DOC; no significant CAG was seen after dexamethasone. Taken together, these results and previous reports suggest that neurally mediated activation of pituitary and/or local adrenal growth factors may be responsible for CAG.

scholarly journals Prepro-Orexin and Orexin Receptor mRNAs Are Differentially Expressed in Peripheral Tissues of Male and Female Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 3324-3331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Jöhren ◽  
Steffi J. Neidert ◽  
Marco Kummer ◽  
Andreas Dendorfer ◽  
Peter Dominiak
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Steroid Synthesis ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Receptor Mrna ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Abstract Orexins are produced specifically by neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus. Recent results suggested peripheral actions of orexins. Therefore, we analyzed the mRNA expression of prepro-orexin and the orexin receptor subtypes OX1 and OX2 in peripheral rat tissues. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR we detected significant amounts of prepro-orexin mRNA in testis, but not in ovaries. OX1 receptor mRNA was highly expressed in the brain and at lower levels in the pituitary gland. Only small amounts of OX1 receptor mRNA were found in other tissues such as kidney, adrenal, thyroid, testis, ovaries, and jejunum. Very high levels of OX2 receptor mRNA, 4-fold higher than in brain, were found in adrenal glands of male rats. Low amounts of OX2 receptor mRNA were present in lung and pituitary. In adrenal glands, OX2 receptor mRNA was localized in the zona glomerulosa and reticularis by in situ hybridization, indicating a role in adrenal steroid synthesis and/or release. OX1 receptor mRNA in the pituitary and OX2 receptor mRNA in the adrenal gland were much higher in male than in female rats. In the hypothalamus, OX1 receptor mRNA was slightly elevated in female rats. The differential mRNA expression of orexin receptor subtypes in peripheral organs indicates discrete peripheral effects of orexins and the existence of a peripheral orexin system. This is supported by the detection of orexin A in rat plasma. Moreover, the sexually dimorphic expression of OX1 and OX2 receptors in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands suggests gender-specific roles of orexins in the control of endocrine functions.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE WEIGHT OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN THE RAT

1956 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHEILA B. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Daily Treatment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Loss Of Weight

SUMMARY Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of sex hormones, particularly oestrogens, on the weight of the adrenal glands in rats. Female rats (a) Intact. Oestrogen had no consistent effect. The adrenal glands may become heavier after treatment with oestradiol dipropionate (ODP) for very short periods (3 days), but may become lighter after longer periods of treatment. The glands were lighter after treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) (1·5 mg daily). (b) Castrated. Fifty-three days after spaying the adrenal glands were unchanged. Seventy-five days after operation, their weight had decreased. Oestrogen had no effect when given 1 month after ovariectomy, but caused a loss of weight when treatment was started 2 months after the operation. TP (1·5 mg. daily) also caused a loss of weight. Male rats (a) Intact. The adrenal glands were unaffected by daily treatment with 1·5 mg TP, or with 100μg ODP. (b) Castrated. The adrenal glands had gained weight 53 days after orchidectomy. TP caused a loss of weight in castrated rats. ODP had no effect.

scholarly journals Morphofunctional state of the medulla and the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex in modeling Alzheimer's disease by excessive administration of sodium nitrite

Morphologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
G.I. Gubina-Vakulyck ◽  
S.A. Denysenko ◽  
T.V. Gorbach ◽  
Ye.M. Zorenko ◽  
V.S. Goydina
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Negative Effects

Background. Nitrates and nitrites are found in soil, water, human food, dyes, and medicines. In the literature, both positive and negative effects from the ingestion of nitrates and nitrites into the body are considered. A nitrite model of Alzheimer's type dementia of vascular origin was used in the work. Objective. The aim of the study was to study the morphofunctional state of the adrenal glands of experimental animals with prolonged administration of sodium nitrite. The study was carried out on male rats of the WAG population, which were divided into 3 groups: gr. N-14 - received injections of a water solution of sodium nitrite at a dose of 50 mg / kg of body weight daily for 14 days; gr. N-28 - Rats received similar injections for 28 days. Injections are intraperitoneal. Control rats were injected with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Results. In animals of the main groups, the formation of a morphofunctional picture of the development of a stress reaction takes place, which was also confirmed morphometrically, and in group N-28 - with signs of incipient decompensation of the medulla and the fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex. Conclusion. When simulating Alzheimer's disease in laboratory rats by the introduction of a water solution of sodium nitrite at a dose of 50 mg / kg of body weight by daily intraperitoneal injection for 14 and 28 days, a picture of their morphofunctional activation is formed in the medulla and fascicular zone of the adrenal cortex. In the group with a 28-day course of administration of sodium nitrite solution, morphofunctional signs of decompensation of the medulla and the fascicular zone of the adrenal glands (especially the medulla) appear, which indicates the development of severe distress in animals and the impossibility of restoring homeostasis.

Adrenal glands of mice and rats: A comparative morphometric study

2021 ◽  
pp. 002367722110443
Author(s):  
Athanasios Siasios ◽  
Georgios Delis ◽  
Anastasia Tsingotjidou ◽  
Aris Pourlis ◽  
Ioannis Grivas
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Image Analysis System ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Cortex Area

Mice and rats are among the most used laboratory animals. They share numerous similarities along with differences, some yet unexplored. One of them is the morphometry of their adrenal glands, whose characteristics may be related to differences in energy management, immune response, drug metabolism, behaviour and temperament. The present study tries to fill this knowledge gap with the evaluation and comparison of adrenal gland anatomical/morphometric parameters of mice and rats. In groups of 10 ( n = 10) adult, male and female BALB/c mice and Wistar rats, one in every 20 sections transverse to the longitudinal axis of the gland was used for measuring entire gland area, capsule, entire cortex, cortex zones and medulla with the aid of an image analysis system and subjected to statistical analysis. Quotients of the individual areas were calculated and comparison between the resulting ratios was performed. Gland length and volume were also calculated. Statistically significant differences were revealed between the rat female and male cortex area, rat and mouse medulla/cortex, medulla/gland, zona glomerulosa/cortex and cortex/gland ratios, male and female rats’ medulla/cortex, medulla/gland, capsule/gland, zona glomerulosa/cortex, zona reticularis/cortex and zona glomerulosa/zona fasciculata ratios, length and volume. The correlation evaluation revealed that in male rats and in female mice the larger medulla area was accompanied by a larger cortex area and vice versa. In general, a larger cortex area was accompanied by larger areas of cortex zones. The collected data and the revealed differences can possibly contribute to the understanding of the physiology of the two species.

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