scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF DYES ON THE CALCIFICATION OF HYPERTROPHIC RACHITIC CARTILAGE IN VITRO

1952 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelma B. Miller ◽  
Jerome Waldman ◽  
Franklin C. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Esters ◽  
Sulfate Ester ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Basic Dyes ◽  
Orange G ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

The calcification of rat hypertrophic cartilage slices in vitro is markedly inhibited by preliminary exposure to metachromatic and other basic dyes. The dyes are effective at 10–3 to 10–4 M in the absence of calcium and phosphate. This inhibition does not occur at the same low dye concentration if calcium and phosphate are present. Neither ion alone is effective in preventing the inhibition. The inhibitory action can be removed by placing slices which have been treated with basic dye in a solution which contains calcium and phosphate ions, plus an acid dye, Orange G. Most acid dyes do not inhibit calcification, except at very high concentrations. Alizarin and quinalizarin are exceptional, and produce marked inhibition at 10–3 M, an effect which is perhaps attributable to the tendency of these dyes to form lakes with calcium. Rachitic cartilage slices which no longer calcify in inorganic phosphate as a result of treatment with basic dyes show normal calcification in the presence of organic phosphate esters. These results are discussed in terms of the possibility that chondroitin sulfate ester participates in normal calcification.

THE SELECTIVE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTION OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Beck ◽  
E. Pinter ◽  
R. D. McKenna ◽  
H. Griff
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Proteolytic Enzyme ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis ◽  
Benzethonium Chloride ◽  
Tryptic Activity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis ◽  
Very High

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in humans is thought to be perpetuated by the autolytic processes catalyzed by trypsin and lipase. This study is an integral part of our search for trypsin and lipase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of this disease.Benzethonium chloride was found to inhibit tryptic activity in vitro. The proteolytic activity of rabbit's serum was inhibited, and the inhibition was most pronounced 6 to 12 hours after the subcutaneous injection of the compound. Fibrinolysin was also inhibited in vitro but benzethonium chloride had no inhibitory action on chymotrypsin, pepsin, or lipase.Serum proteins in vitro were precipitated only with very high concentrations of the compound. No significant protein changes were observed in sera of rabbits after the subcutaneous injection of the compound.

Effects of lactate and glutamine on palmitate metabolism in rat kindey cortex

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Barac-Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cortex ◽  
Palmitate Oxidation ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Rat Renal Cortical Slices ◽  
Very High ◽  
Cortical Slices ◽  
Palmitate Metabolism ◽  
Low Rate

Rat renal cortical slices were incubated with [1-(14)C]palmitate bound to 2.5% albumin. The following effects were found: a)1 mM palmitate utilization or oxidation to CO(2) varied according to the concentration of lactate in the media, it increased at 0.8 and 3.2 mM, was unchanged at 8 mM, and decreased at 16 mM. Esterification was stimulated at 3.2 mM lactate. b) Addition of glutamine (0.1 mM) instead of lactate stimulated incomplete and complete oxidation of palmitate (1 mM), whereas high medium glutamine (10 mM) inhibited palmitate (1 mM) utilization, esterification, and oxidation to CO(2) but increased its incomplete oxidation. The low rate of exogenous palmitate oxidation observed in this study and the finding that exogenous palmitate oxidation is only partially inhibited at very high concentrations of exogenous lactate or glutamine are consistent with the view that these exogenous substrates contribute little to the oxidative metabolism of rat renal cortex in vitro, which probably depends on the supply of substrates endogenous to the tissue.

Libyan family with beta-thalassemia trait associated with hypercholesterolemia with widespread xanthomas.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2385-2386
Author(s):  
D S Sheriff ◽  
M el Fakhri
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phospholipid Ratio ◽  
Thalassemia Trait ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

Abstract We describe a Libyan family with beta-thalassemia trait associated with unusually high concentrations of hemoglobin A2 and hypercholesterolemia. The family consists of the father, mother, and three sons. The marriage was consanguineous. The concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were very high in two sons who also had widespread xanthomas. The erythrocyte membranes showed a high cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, with no significant susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in vitro.

Regional differences in catecholamine concentrations in bovine ovaries analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography

1991 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Denning-Kendall ◽  
M. L. Wild ◽  
Wathes D. C.
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT Bovine corpora lutea and ovarian stroma were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography for catecholamine content. High concentrations (up to 102 nmol/g wet weight) were found in both 'central' stroma, containing many blood vessels, and 'peripheral' stroma. Central stroma contained noradrenaline and some dopamine, whereas peripheral stroma contained a higher proportion of dopamine and also significant amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). Occasional samples of stroma had very high amounts of dopamine, suggesting that it is stored in specific regions. Corpora lutea, although devoid of direct innervation, contained dopamine (up to 5·3 nmol/g) and noradrenaline (up to 1·2 nmol/g). The average dopamine: noradrenaline molar ratio was 1·19 : 1 and the concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline were highly correlated (P < 0·002). The concentration of dopamine was significantly higher in the early luteal phase of the oestrous cycle than during the rest of the cycle or in pregnancy. The levels of noradrenaline and dopamine present in corpora lutea are sufficient to modulate the production of both oxytocin and progesterone by luteal cells in vitro. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 129, 221–226

THE SELECTIVE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTION OF BENZETHONIUM CHLORIDE

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan T. Beck ◽  
E. Pinter ◽  
R. D. McKenna ◽  
H. Griff
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Proteolytic Enzyme ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis ◽  
Benzethonium Chloride ◽  
Tryptic Activity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis ◽  
Very High

Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in humans is thought to be perpetuated by the autolytic processes catalyzed by trypsin and lipase. This study is an integral part of our search for trypsin and lipase inhibitors to be used in the treatment of this disease.Benzethonium chloride was found to inhibit tryptic activity in vitro. The proteolytic activity of rabbit's serum was inhibited, and the inhibition was most pronounced 6 to 12 hours after the subcutaneous injection of the compound. Fibrinolysin was also inhibited in vitro but benzethonium chloride had no inhibitory action on chymotrypsin, pepsin, or lipase.Serum proteins in vitro were precipitated only with very high concentrations of the compound. No significant protein changes were observed in sera of rabbits after the subcutaneous injection of the compound.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC PHOSPHATES ON THE ROOT EFFECT OF MULTIPLE FISH HAEMOGLOBINS

1990 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERND PELSTER ◽  
ROY E. WEBER
Keyword(s):  
Root Effect ◽  
Organic Phosphates ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Very High ◽  
Vitro Data ◽  
In Vitro Data

The influence of organic phosphates on the reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity at low pH (Root effect) in multiple fish haemoglobins has been analysed spectrophotometrically. In stripped haemolysates of carp, trout and eel, the Root effect in the presence of ATP was manifested below pH7.0. In the absence of phosphates, it was only found in trout haemolysate In the pH range between 8.5 and 6.1 no Root effect could be induced in the cathodic component (Hbl) of either trout or eel haemoglobin, even in the presence of very high concentrations of ATP or GTP. This was also true for component II (Hbll) of trout. The anodic component (HblV) of both species, however, exhibited a strong Root effect potentiated by NTP. At the same NTP/Hb4 concentration ratio, GTP was much more effective than ATP in both species The involvement of different haemoglobin components in the generation of high oxygen tensions in the fish swimbladder is discussed by comparing in vivo Root effect data obtained with an eel swimbladder preparation with in vitro data measured in eel blood and haemoglobin.

scholarly journals Administration of erythropoietin to newborn rats results in diminished neutrophil production

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1241-1246
Author(s):  
RD Christensen ◽  
KW Liechty ◽  
JM Koenig ◽  
KR Schibler ◽  
RK Ohls
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Very High

Very high concentrations of erythropoietin (epo), in clonogenic cultures, result in reduced production of neutrophils, and fetal progenitors are more sensitive to this effect of epo than are those of adults. However, the significance of this observation is unclear because no evidence of reduced neutrophil production has been presented following administration of recombinant epo to human or animal subjects. In the present study we injected newborn rats, beginning on the first day of life, with 20, 200, or 2,000 U epo/kg body weight, and measured serum epo concentrations after 2, 8, 24, or 48 hours. After selecting a dose that resulted in serum concentrations greater than 1,000 mU/mL (a concentration that resulted in down-modulation of neutrophil production from neonatal rat progenitors in vitro) other newborn rats were treated for 3 days with that dose (1,000 U epo/kg) or a vehicle control. Administration of epo resulted in increased hematocrits (P less than .001), reticulocyte counts (P less than .001), normoblasts/femur (P less than .05), and normoblasts/spleen (P less than .001). Recipients of epo also had more erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E) (P less than .001) and higher CFU-E tritiated thymidine suicide rates (P less than .01) than did controls. However, femurs and spleens of epo recipients contained fewer postmitotic neutrophils (femur, P less than .01; spleen, P less than .01), proliferative neutrophils (femur, P less than .01; spleen, P less than .02), granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) (P less than .005), and lower CFU-GM tritiated thymidine suicide rates (P less than .01). Seven and nine days after twice-daily administration of 2,000 U epo/kg, blood neutrophil concentrations had diminished (P less than .05). Thus, administration of high doses of recombinant epo to newborn rats resulted in diminished neutrophil production accompanying accelerated erythropoiesis.

scholarly journals Uremic Toxins and Ciprofloxacin Affect Human Tenocytes In Vitro

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4241
Author(s):  
Erman Popowski ◽  
Benjamin Kohl ◽  
Tobias Schneider ◽  
Joachim Jankowski ◽  
Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
Keyword(s):  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Uremic Toxins ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cell Matrix ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Very High

Tendinopathy is a rare but serious complication of quinolone therapy. Risk factors associated with quinolone-induced tendon disorders include chronic kidney disease accompanied by the accumulation of uremic toxins. Hence, the present study explored the effects of the representative uremic toxins phenylacetic acid (PAA) and quinolinic acid (QA), both alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin (CPX), on human tenocytes in vitro. Tenocytes incubated with uremic toxins +/- CPX were investigated for metabolic activity, vitality, expression of the dominant extracellular tendon matrix (ECM) protein type I collagen, cell-matrix receptor β1-integrin, proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β, and the ECM-degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1. CPX, when administered at high concentrations (100 mM), suppressed tenocyte metabolism after 8 h exposure and at therapeutic concentrations after 72 h exposure. PAA reduced tenocyte metabolism only after 72 h exposure to very high doses and when combined with CPX. QA, when administered alone, led to scarcely any cytotoxic effect. Combinations of CPX with PAA or QA did not cause greater cytotoxicity than incubation with CPX alone. Gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was reduced by CPX but up-regulated by PAA and QA. Protein levels of type I collagen decreased in response to high CPX doses, whereas PAA and QA did not affect its synthesis significantly. MMP-1 mRNA levels were increased by CPX. This effect became more pronounced in the form of a synergism following exposure to a combination of CPX and PAA. CPX was more tenotoxic than the uremic toxins PAA and QA, which showed only distinct suppressive effects.

Contrast Medium Induced Changes in Granulocyte Adherence in Vitro and during Angiography

1988 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Lang ◽  
E. C. Lasser
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Medium ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Very High

The effect of ioxaglate and diatrizoate on per cent granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers was investigated in blood to which contrast medium was added in vitro and in blood from patients undergoing angiography. Very high concentrations of contrast medium, added to blood in vitro, directly abolished granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers. Intraaortic bolus injections of ioxaglate, but not of saline, transiently increased granulocyte concentrations in the femoral vein. Fractional granulocyte adherence to nylon fibers increased significantly above the baseline when angiographic dosages of contrast medium were diluted by circulation within the human body. On the other hand, dilute concentrations of contrast medium had no effect on per cent granulocyte adherence when added to whole blood in vitro. This indicates that the increased adherence produced in vivo is an indirect effect, which, usually, cannot be simulated in vitro.

Interaction of Bacterial Endotoxin and Liquoid with Blood Platelets: Aggregation and Decrease in the Electrokinetic Charge

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 192-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A Gröttum ◽  
P. F Hjort ◽  
M Jeremic
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Dextran Sulphate ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High

SummaryThe effects of Endotoxin and Liquoid on the electrophoretic mobility of human platelets and erythrocytes in vitro and on rabbit platelets and erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro have been investigated.Liquoid reduced the electrophoretic mobility of human platelets to 74% of normal and rabbit platelets to 59% in vitro and to 68% of normal in vivo, while the erythrocytes were unchanged. Liquoid induced massive aggregation of both human and rabbit platelets. In very high concentrations, Liquoid increased the electrophoretic mobility of human platelets and did not induce aggregation.Endotoxin reduced the electrophoretic mobility of rabbit platelets to 83% of normal and aggregated the platelets, but had none of these effects on human platelets.The effects of Endotoxin and Liquoid were inhibited by EDTA, but not by ADPase, suggesting that aggregation was not mediated through ADP.We conclude that Liquoid has the same pattern of effects on the electrokinetic charge of platelets and platelet aggregation as the acid polymeric agents dextran sulphate and heparin. There was good correlation between reduction in the electrokinetic charge of the platelets and platelet aggregation. There were striking similarities between the effects of these agents and Endotoxin.

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