scholarly journals FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF SALTS WHEN INJECTED INTO THE ANIMAL BODY

1923 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-364
Author(s):  
Raymond G. Hussey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Ion Effects ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Ray Effects ◽  
Interesting Analogy

A satisfactory correlation of our observations dealing with the influence of salts and those dealing with the influence of x-rays is not possible at present. Any far reaching conclusion is not permitted because the information we have at this time regarding the physical chemical conditions concerned in the process of injury, as well as that pertaining to the nature of radio-chemical reactions, is too meager. As far as the experiments with salts are concerned, it may be said that we are dealing with ion effects, and their importance in physiological processes is made clear by the investigations of Loeb (3) and those of Osterhout (4). The results that we have obtained in our experiments present an interesting analogy between the effect of x-rays and certain salts on the lymphoid elements of the animal body. We regard this analogy as significant in that it presents suggestions regarding the chemical nature of x-ray effects in the animal body.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waro Nakahara ◽  
James B. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Ray Effects ◽  
Lymphoid Proliferation ◽  
Marked Suppression

Mice treated with small doses of x-rays and inoculated with cancer immediately afterwards, show a marked suppression of lymphoid proliferation. If, however, the cancer inoculation is made 7 days after the exposure to x-rays, thus permitting the primary lymphoid stimulation known to occur soon after the x-ray treatment to arise, a second stimulation takes place in a large proportion of mice thus inoculated. Changes in the blood of mice x-rayed and inoculated with cancer 7 days afterwards show that the state of resistance to cancer inoculation is attended by blood lymphocytosis, as is the case in all other varieties of immunity to transplanted cancer so far studied.

Palaeogeographic controls on palygorskite occurrence in Maastrichtian-Palaeogene sediments of the Western High Atlas and Meseta Basins (Morocco)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Knidiri ◽  
L. Daoudi ◽  
M. El Ouahabi ◽  
B. Rhouta ◽  
F. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depositional Environment ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Atlas ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Smectite Clays ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Mineralogical Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chemical Conditions

AbstractThe Maastrichtian-Palaeogene series of the Western High Atlas and Meseta Basins in Morocco are particularly rich in palygorskite. The present work is aimed at clarifying the genesis of palygorskite from the interbedded facies and gaining an understanding of their relationships with the depositional environment. The mineralogical characteristics of palygorskite from these series were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (SEM/TEM). The palygorskite content and microstructure show large geographical and stratigraphical variations in the deposits studied. The palygorskite occurrence is directly related to palaeobathymetry, since it is the dominant clay mineral in shallow marine and restricted environments. According to the morphology of palygorskite crystallites, four types of textures were distinguished. These types of palygorskite are polygenetic, formed by chemical precipitation, by the recrystallization of smectite clays or reworked by wind or water from sub-aerial environments. The difference between the two studied sub-basins with respect to palygorskite occurrence is attributed to the palaeomorphology of the hinterlands, to the tectonic differentiation and to the physical-chemical conditions of seawater.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waro Nakahara ◽  
James B. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Small Dose ◽  
Biological Effect ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Thin Glass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spark Gap ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Ray Effects

A study has been made of the biological effect of a small dose of soft x-rays given off by a special water-cooled tube with a window of thin glass, operated at ½ inch spark-gap and 11 milliamperes. Mice exposed for 1 minute show 2 days later in the blood an increase in the number of lymphocytes and in the lymphoid organs an increased number of mitotic figures. There occurs also a marked dilatation of the vessels of the suprarenals, particularly between the cortex and medulla. The latter condition did not appear until after 24 hours and was still present 14 days after the treatment. No change was detected in other organs. Mice treated in this way showed a high degree of resistance to cancer transplants. The amount of resistance varied with the time of the inoculation after the treatment. The resistance was not increased before 3 days after and was at its highest point 10 days after the treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of Additive of Polymetallic Ores’ Tailin gs on Properties of Composite Cements

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Zh. Aymenov ◽  
N.B. Sarsenbayev ◽  
T.M. Khudyakova ◽  
B.K. Sarsenbayev ◽  
A.T. Batyrkhanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
High Tech ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Technological Production ◽  
Composite Cements ◽  
Positive Effect

The article analyzes the use of polymetallic ores’ tailings as a basis for production of composite cements and concrete, having protective properties against gamma and X-rays radiation, as well as high strength and lifetime. The main practically significant result is: the development of scientific and technological production bases of new high-tech type of multicomponent hydraulic binders for concretes – composite cements; the identification of new hydration products in composite cements with addition of polymetallic ores’ tailings; the development of optimal compositions of composite cements for concretes. It is established that the composite cements, that developed by us on the basis of polymetallic ores’ tailings, meet modern requirements i.e. its improve the construction-technical properties of material, have positive effect to the environment situation and allow to reduce the production cost of the final product. Their technology is low metal-intensive and<br />power-consuming. Studies of physical-chemical processes of composite cements structure formation with addition of polymetallic ores’ tailings have been conducted using methods such as chemical, X-ray phase, differential-thermal and electronmicroscopic analysis methods.

scholarly journals Comparative study of the around-Fermi electronic structure of 5d metals and metal-oxides by means of high-resolution X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopies

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wach ◽  
Jacinto Sá ◽  
Jakub Szlachetko
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Electronic States ◽  
Theoretical Modelling ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Oxide Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Tungsten Metal

The composition of occupied and unoccupied electronic states in the vicinity of Fermi energies is vital for all materials and relates to their physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This work demonstrates how the combination of resonant and non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopies supplemented with theoretical modelling allows for quantitative analysis of electronic states in 5d transition metal and metal-oxide materials. Application of X-rays provides element selectivity that, in combination with the penetrating properties of hard X-rays, allows determination of the composition of electronic states under working conditions, i.e. non-vacuum environment. Tungsten metal and tungsten oxide are evaluated to show the capability to simultaneously assess composition of around-band-gap electronic states as well as the character and magnitude of the crystal field splitting.

scholarly journals Extreme-ultraviolet- and X-Ray-driven Photochemistry of Gaseous Exoplanets

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Daniele Locci ◽  
Antonino Petralia ◽  
Giuseppina Micela ◽  
Antonio Maggio ◽  
Angela Ciaravella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Stellar Spectrum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Ultraviolet Photons

Abstract The interaction of exoplanets with their host stars causes a vast diversity in bulk and atmospheric compositions and physical and chemical conditions. Stellar radiation, especially at the shorter wavelengths, drives the chemistry in the upper atmospheric layers of close orbiting gaseous giants, providing drastic departures from equilibrium. In this study, we aim at unfolding the effects caused by photons in different spectral bands on the atmospheric chemistry. This task is particularly difficult because the characteristics of chemical evolution emerge from many feedbacks on a wide range of timescales, and because of the existing correlations among different portions of the stellar spectrum. In describing the chemistry, we have placed particular emphasis on the molecular synthesis induced by X-rays. The weak X-ray photoabsorption cross sections of the atmospheric constituents boost the gas ionization to pressures inaccessible to vacuum and extreme-ultraviolet photons. Although X-rays interact preferentially with metals, they produce a secondary electron cascade able to ionize efficiently hydrogen- and helium-bearing species, giving rise to a distinctive chemistry.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS

1920 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waro Nakahara ◽  
James B. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Spark Gap ◽  
Mitotic Figures ◽  
Ray Effects ◽  
Stimulation Of

A dose of x-rays governed by the following factors induces a stimulation of lymphoid tissue in mice: spark-gap ⅞ inch, milliamperage 25, distance 8 inches, time of exposure 10 minutes. Within 4 days after this dose there appeared an abnormally large number of mitotic figures in the lymphoid tissue of spleen and lymph glands, indicating an acceleration of the proliferative activity of the tissue.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS

1921 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-432
Author(s):  
Waro Nakahara ◽  
James B. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Doses ◽  
Refractory State ◽  
Ray Effects

A relatively increased degree of resistance in mice to a certain strain of transplantable cancer was demonstrated after treatment of animals with small doses of x-rays capable of stimulating lymphoid tissue. The refractory state induced was determinable 3 to 7 days after the dose of x-rays was given.

scholarly journals Factors that Govern the Sensitivity of Oat Seed to X-rays

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-211
Author(s):  
C. L. González-Molina
Keyword(s):  
X Rays ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Relative Damage ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ray Effects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proportional Decrease

A series of experiments was performed designed to determine the relationship between hull covering and seed and germ size to X-ray sensitivity of oat seed of three varieties: Mo. 0-205, Simcoe, and Bonham. The seed contained approximately 14 and 20 percent of moisture and X-ray dosages of 40,000 and 30,000 r were used. The data indicated that: 1. Hull-coverings may or may not afford protection to the seed from X-rays. Both varieties and moisture content produced differential reactions. 2. Large seed were more affected by high X-ray dosages than were small ones. Larger seed have larger germs, exposing more area to X-ray effects. A decrease of germination and seedling vigor was obtained when large seed were exposed to radiation, although there was no indication of a proportional decrease between germ size and relative damage to seedlings from large and small seed. 3. Germination percentages of oat-seed lots receiving up to 40,000 r of X-rays were as good as those of the checks, when measured on blotters in a plant germinator, but seedling vigor was materially reduced. Lowered germination percentages noted in greenhouse experiments were probably due to insufficient vigor to grow through the soil on the part of many seedlings. Probably all of the X-ray effects at the dosages used were caused by decreases in seedling vigor. 4. Radicals and plumules of the seed were equally damaged by X-ray treatment.

scholarly journals Properties of Wolf-Rayet stars from X-ray to radio data

1999 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Allan J. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Chemical Separation ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radio Data ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Data Yield ◽  
The Impact

This review outlines the impact of observations across the spectrum (X-rays to radio) on our understanding of the basic physical, chemical, wind and mass loss properties of Wolf-Rayet stars. Optical spectropolarimetry indicates that ∼ 15% of the WR stars have anisotropic winds, whilst the majority have globally spherically symmetric outflows. All WR stars probably have winds structured (clumped) on the smaller scale as evidenced from: thermal radio spectral indices, optical-UV continuum/line/polarisation variablity and time-series spectroscopy, and the ubiquity of wind X-ray emission. ROSAT results indicate LX(WR) = 1031–33 ergs−1 with kT ≃ 0.3keV. WR mass loss rates may be lower than previously thought: mean, clumping-corrected rates from radio data yield M(WN) ≃ 3 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1 and M(WC) ≃ 2 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1. Analyses of UV-optical-IR spectra lead to good constraints on Teff and L/L⊙ and confirm the chemical separation of the WN and WC classes: WN stars show H-He-C-N abundances reflecting CNO-burning products, and WC(WO) stars show He-burning products. ISO data are confirming the H-deficiency of WC winds, and reveal a substantially enhanced Neon abundance in WC stars.

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