CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE NERVE CORD OF THE LOBSTER

1. The nerve cord of the lobster (Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards) is very delicate and can be used as a living preparation for only a few hours after its removal from the animal. 2. During the first hour or so after removal it discharges CO2 at a steadily decreasing rate beginning at about 0.20 mg. CO2 per gram of cord per minute and ending at about 0.07 mg. 3. This discharge exhibits a steady decrease in rate and is not divisible into a period of gush and a period of uniform outflow as with the lateral-line nerve of the dogfish. It terminates in a very few hours with the complete death of the cord. 4. Both handling and cutting the cord temporarily increase the rate of CO2 output. 5. The stimulated cord discharges CO2 at a rate about 26 per cent higher than that of the quiescent cord, an increase of about 1.6 times that of the increase observed in the lateral-line nerve of the dogfish under similar circumstances.

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THE CARBON DIOXIDE EXCRETED IN ONE MINUTE BY ONE CENTIMETER OF NERVE-FIBER

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.9.2.191 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 191-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

G. H. Parker

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nerve Fiber ◽

Lateral Line ◽

Lateral Line Nerve

One centimeter of nerve-fiber from the lateral-line nerve of the dogfish is estimated to excrete on the average 4.2 x 10–8 mg. CO2 per minute.

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THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY NERVE

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.7.5.641 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 641-669 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G. H. Parker

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Lateral Line ◽

Chemical Change ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Lateral Line Nerve ◽

Respiratory Apparatus

1. A modified Osterhout respiratory apparatus for the detection of CO2 from nerve is described. 2. The lateral-line nerve from the dogfish discharges CO2 at first with a gush for half an hour or so and then steadily at a lower rate for several hours. 3. Simple handling of the nerve does not increase the output of CO2; cutting it revives gush. 4. The CO2 produced by nerve is not escaping simply from a reservoir but is a true nervous metabolite. 5. The rate of discharge of CO2 from a quiescent nerve varied from 0.0071 to 0.0128 mg. per gram of nerve per minute and averaged 0.0095 mg. 6. Stimulated nerve showed an increased rate of CO2 production of 15.8 percent over that of quiescent nerve. 7. The results of these studies indicate that chemical change is a factor in nerve transmission.

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Thermodynamic Study of Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emission in Ironmaking Process of the Reduction of Iron Oxides by Carbon

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14071999 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 1999

Author(s):

Guanyong Sun ◽

Bin Li ◽

Hanjie Guo ◽

Wensheng Yang ◽

Shaoying Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Iron Oxides ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Minimum Energy ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Reduction Reactions ◽

Co2 Output ◽

Coupling Parameters ◽

Ironmaking Process

Carbon included in coke and coal was used as a reduction agent and fuel in blast furnace (BF) ironmaking processes, which released large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2). Minimizing the carbon consumption and CO2 output has always the goal of ironmaking research. In this paper, the reduction reactions of iron oxides by carbon, the gasification reaction of carbon by CO2, and the coupling reactions were studied by thermodynamic functions, which were derived from isobaric specific heat capacity. The reaction enthalpy at 298 K could not represent the heat value at the other reaction temperature, so the certain temperature should be confirmed by Gibbs frees energy and gas partial pressure. Based on Hess’ law, the energy consumption of the ironmaking process by carbon was calculated in detail. The decrease in the reduction temperature of solid metal iron has been beneficial in reducing the sensible heat required. When the volume ratio of CO to CO2 in the top gas of the furnace was given as 1.1–1.5, the coupling parameters of carbon gasification were 1.06–1.28 for Fe2O3, 0.71–0.85 for Fe3O4, 0.35–0.43 for FeO, respectively. With the increase in the coupling parameters, the volume fraction of CO2 decreased, and energy consumption and CO2 output increased. The minimum energy consumption and CO2 output of liquid iron production were in the reduction reactions with only CO2 generated, which were 9.952 GJ/t and 1265.854 kg/t from Fe2O3, 9.761 GJ/t and 1226.799 kg/t from Fe3O4, 9.007 GJ/t and 1107.368 kg/t from FeO, respectively. Compared with the current energy consumption of 11.65 GJ/t hot metal (HM) and CO2 output of 1650 kg/tHM of BF, the energy consumption and CO2 of ironmaking by carbon could reach lower levels by decreasing the coupled gasification reactions, lowering the temperature needed to generate solid Fe and adjusting the iron oxides to improve the iron content in the raw material. This article provides a simplified calculation method to understand the limit of energy consumption and CO2 output of ironmaking by carbon reduction iron oxides.

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THE EXCRETION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY FROG NERVE

The Journal of General Physiology ◽

10.1085/jgp.8.2.21 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 21-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

G. H. Parker

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Sciatic Nerve ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Nervous Tissue ◽

Average Rate ◽

Boiling Water ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Co2 Output ◽

Sciatic Nerves ◽

Low Rate

1. Quiescent sciatic nerve of the frog discharges CO2 at the average rate of 0.00876 mg. CO2 per gram of nerve per minute. 2. Sciatic nerve steeped one minute in boiling water discharges CO2 at first at a low rate and after an hour and a half not at all. 3. Degenerated sciatic nerve discharges CO2 at a slightly higher rate than normal living nerve does. 4. Connective tissue from the frog discharges CO2 at an average rate of 0.0097 mg. per gram of tissue per minute. 5. Assuming that a nerve is composed of from one-half to one-quarter connective tissue the CO2 output from its strictly nervous components is estimated to be at a rate of 0.008 mg. CO2 per gram of nerve per minute. 6. Stimulated sciatic nerve increases the rate of its CO2 output over quiescent nerve by about 14 per cent. When this number is corrected for strictly nervous tissue the rate is about 16 per cent. 7. The increased rate of CO2 production noted on stimulation in normal sciatic nerves was not observed when they were boiled, blocked, or degenerated. It was also not observed with stimulated strands of connective tissue.

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The central connections of the anterior lateral line nerve ofGnathonemus petersii

The Journal of Comparative Neurology ◽

10.1002/cne.901510106 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 151 (1) ◽

pp. 67-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

L. Maler ◽

H. J. Karten ◽

M. V. L. Bennett

Keyword(s):

Lateral Line ◽

Lateral Line Nerve

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Behavioral and Neurophysiological Demonstration of a Lateralis Skin Photosensitivity in Larval Sea Lampreys

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.161.1.97 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 161 (1) ◽

pp. 97-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MARK RONAN ◽

DAVID BODZNICK

Keyword(s):

Spontaneous Activity ◽

Lateral Line ◽

Lateral Line Nerve ◽

Medial Nucleus ◽

Posterior Lateral Line ◽

Behavioral Studies ◽

Sea Lampreys ◽

Response Thresholds ◽

The Brain ◽

Skin Photosensitivity

Larval lampreys respond to skin illumination with a delayed burst of swimming in an attempt to escape the light. The photoresponse, which is independent of the lateral eyes and pineal organs, is most readily elicited by light shone on the tail. Behavioral studies in larval lampreys demonstrate that photosensory afferents innervating the tail are carried by a trunk lateral line nerve supplying regions caudal to the head. The present results confirm that bilateral transection of this nerve in larval sea lampreys markedly diminishes the photoresponse. The trunk lateral line nerve consists of the recurrent ramus of the anterior lateral line nerve and a ramus of the posterior lateral line nerve. Bilateral transection of the recurrent ramus does not affect the photoresponse, indicating that lateralis photosensory afferents enter the brain via the posterior lateral line nerve and terminate in the medial octavolateralis nucleus. Photosensory units were subsequently recorded in the trunk lateral line nerve, posterior lateral line nerve and the lateral line area of the medulla. Medullary photosensory units were localized to the medial nucleus, previously regarded as the primary mechanosensory nucleus. Photosensory units in lateral line nerves and the brain exhibited low, irregular spontaneous activity and, after latencies of 17–4 s, responded to tail illumination with repeated impulse bursts. Response thresholds were 0.1-0.9 mWcm−2. Responses to sustained illumination were slowly adapting. A skin photosense is thus an additional lateralis modality in lampreys.

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