The Biological Sciences in the Twentieth Century. Merriley BorellThe Physical Sciences in the Twentieth Century. Owen Gingerich

Isis ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-693
Author(s):  
Robin E. Rider
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Physical Sciences

Towards a History of Biology in the Twentieth Century: Directed Autobiographies as Historical Sources

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Russell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Biology ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Darwinian Revolution ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientists And Engineers

Interest in contemporary scientific history has concentrated on physics and engineering and its most obvious growth has been in America. By contrast, there has been a relative neglect of the biological sciences, especially in Great Britain. This concern with contemporary scientific history has been an autonomous growth among physical scientists and engineers. There has not yet been any significant development of an historical dimension among modern biologists. Most of those who do study the history of biology are concerned with natural history in the nineteenth century and before, with the largest group concentrating on the Darwinian Revolution. Students of the history of twentieth century biology are just beginning to emerge, but may find themselves uniquely disadvantaged compared with observers of the sciences from earlier centuries, or even of the physical sciences and engineering in the twentieth century, unless certain things are done rather quickly.

Instruments of Science or Conquest? Neocolonialism and Modern American Astronomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandra Swanner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Indigenous Rights ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Native Communities ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Sacred Lands

This essay is indebted to Mary Jo Nye’s scholarship spanning the history and philosophy of the modern physical sciences, particularly her efforts to situate scientists within their social, political, and cultural contexts. Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, members of the Hawai‘i astronomy community found themselves grappling with opposition to new telescope projects stemming from the rise of environmental and indigenous rights movements. I argue that the debate over the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) can best be understood as an exemplar of “neocolonialist science.” For indigenous groups who object to science on sacred lands, science has effectively become an agent of colonization. As the TMT controversy illustrates, practicing neocolonialist science—even unknowingly—comes at a high cost for all parties involved. Although scientists are understandably reluctant to equate their professional activities with cultural annihilation, dismissing this unflattering neocolonialist image of modern science has both ethical and practical consequences: Native communities continue to report feeling victimized while scientists’ efforts to expand their research programs suffer social, legal, and economic setbacks. This essay is part of a special issue entitled THE BONDS OF HISTORY edited by Anita Guerrini.

Professionalising Natural Science Education and Multipronged Open Distance Learning

2012 ◽  
pp. 306-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. PanduRanga Narasimharao
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Science Journalism ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Master's Programs ◽  
Natural Science Education ◽  
And Training

Tobias et al. (1995) postulated in their book on “Rethinking Science as a Career” that Master’s programs could produce graduates who provide the same level of expertise and leadership as professionals do in other fields. They say that they would do so by having the ability to use the products of scholarship in their work and by being familiar with the practical aspects of emerging problem areas. If we consider natural science consisting of physical sciences, biological sciences, mathematics, geosciences, and computer science, degrees in computer science and geosciences served as credentials for practice, whereas physics, chemistry, and biological sciences served as classical graduate education. Robbins-Roth (2006) collected 22 career descriptions for science graduates ranging from public policy to investment banking, and from patent examining to broadcast science journalism. There are several sectors of the society where the principles and knowledge of these science disciplines are used. On the other hand, there are many of the graduates in these disciplines who either are working in areas completely unrelated to their education and training or are unemployable. The need for preparing the science graduates professionally is well recognized (Schuster, 2011; Vanderford, 2010; Narasimharao, Shashidhara Prasad and Nair, 2011; Chuck, 2011).

Causing Harm: Epidemiological and Physiological Concepts of Causation

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth F. Schaffner
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Sonic Boom ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

In this chapter I shall examine the relations between what appear to be two somewhat different concepts of causation that are widely employed in the biomedical sciences. The first type is what I term epidemiological causation. It is characteristically statistical and uses expressions like "increased risk" and "risk factor." The second concept is more like the form of causation we find in both the physical sciences and everyday life, as in expressions such as "the increase in temperature caused the mercury in the thermometer to expand" or "the sonic boom caused my window to break." In the physical and the biological sciences, such claims are typically further analyzed and explained in terms of underlying mechanisms. For example, accounts in the medical literature of cardiovascular diseases associated with the ischemic myocardium typically distinguish between the risk factors and the mechanisms for these disorders (Willerson 1982). Interestingly, both concepts of causation have found their way into the legal arena, the first or epidemiological concept only relatively recently in both case law and federal agency regulatory restrictions. The second, perhaps more typical, notion of causation has turned out to be not so simple on deeper analysis and led Hart and Honoré, among others, to subject the notion to extensive study in their classic book Causation in the Law. In another paper (Schaffner 1987), I examined some of these issues, in particular the epidemiological concept of causation as it might apply to recent DES cases such as Sinddl and Collins. Reflections on the Sindell case and on one of its legal precedents, the Summers v. Tice case, led Judith Jarvis Thomson to introduce a distinction between two types of evidence that might be adduced to support a claim that an agent caused harm to a person. The two types of evidence parallel the distinction between these two concepts of causation, and 1 shall introduce them by means of a particularly striking example originally credited to David Kaye (Kaye 1982).

Professionalising Natural Science Education and Multipronged Open Distance Learning

2015 ◽  
pp. 138-152
Author(s):  
B. PanduRanga Narasimharao
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Science Journalism ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Master's Programs ◽  
Natural Science Education ◽  
And Training

Tobias et al. (1995) postulated in their book on “Rethinking Science as a Career” that Master's programs could produce graduates who provide the same level of expertise and leadership as professionals do in other fields. They say that they would do so by having the ability to use the products of scholarship in their work and by being familiar with the practical aspects of emerging problem areas. If we consider natural science consisting of physical sciences, biological sciences, mathematics, geosciences, and computer science, degrees in computer science and geosciences served as credentials for practice, whereas physics, chemistry, and biological sciences served as classical graduate education. Robbins-Roth (2006) collected 22 career descriptions for science graduates ranging from public policy to investment banking, and from patent examining to broadcast science journalism. There are several sectors of the society where the principles and knowledge of these science disciplines are used. On the other hand, there are many of the graduates in these disciplines who either are working in areas completely unrelated to their education and training or are unemployable. The need for preparing the science graduates professionally is well recognized (Schuster, 2011; Vanderford, 2010; Narasimharao, Shashidhara Prasad and Nair, 2011; Chuck, 2011).

Welcome from the Program Committee

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Program Committee ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Comprehensive Program ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Interdisciplinary Nature ◽  
Executive Program

The annual Microscopy & Microanalysis meeting has proven to be the premiere meeting for scientists, technologists, and students who use microscopy or microanalysis in their research. Microscopy & Microanalysis 2009 will be no exception! The 2009 Executive Program Committee, consisting of co-chairs from each of the participating societies, has assembled a diverse and comprehensive program that will address applications in both the biological and physical sciences as well as recent and emerging trends in instrumentation and techniques. As in 2008, special emphasis has been placed on attracting fresh content and new faces. Several symposia have been designed to expand beyond the boundaries of the interdisciplinary nature of the Microscopy & Microanalysis meetings, reflecting the increasing need for collaborations between physical and biological sciences.

Symposia

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (S1) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Physical Sciences

Technology and instrumentation symposia.Biological sciences symposia.Physical sciences symposia.Technologists' forum symposia.

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