Plato’s Hermaphrodite and a Vindication of the Sense of Touch in the Sixteenth Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 872-898
Author(s):  
Pablo Maurette
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Love ◽  
Pietro Bembo ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis essay considers readings of Plato’sSymposiumin sixteenth-centurytrattati d’amore(love treatises) — especially Francesco Patrizi’sL’amorosa filosofia— that offer an alternative to Marsilio Ficino’s pervasive interpretation as presented in hisDe amore. Against the backdrop of a larger debate concerning the role of the lower senses (touch, in particular) and the relationship between body and soul, these alternative readings of theSymposiumattempt to redeem the role of tactility in love matters. Whereas Ficino and his most influential followers — Pico della Mirandola, Pietro Bembo, and Baldassare Castiglione — center their exegesis on Diotima’s speech and privilege sight as the most noble sense, Patrizi’s reading — to a large extent preceded by those of Sperone Speroni, Agnolo Firenzuola, and Flaminio Nobili — focuses on Aristophanes’s myth and the figure of the hermaphrodite as the model for a different kind of human love that is both sensual and spiritual.

“Communis Hostis Omnium”: The Smerwick Massacre (1580) and the Law of Nations

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Alan Orr
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Present State ◽  
Elizabeth I ◽  
Queen Elizabeth I ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
Common Enemy ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article examines the brutal massacre of up to six hundred Spanish and Italian papal troops on the order of the English Lord Deputy Arthur Grey, 14th Baron de Wilton (1536–1593), at Dún An Óir (Forto del Oro), Smerwick, County Kerry, on 10 November 1580. The article investigates the relationship between the religious and juridical rationales for the massacre, shedding new light on the broader relationship between the early modern law of nations, Protestantism, and what Brendan Bradshaw has characterized as “catastrophic violence” in the Elizabethan military conquest of Ireland. While Vincent Carey has emphasized the virulently anti-Catholic character of Grey's rationales for the massacre, my argument instead emphasizes the role of the received laws of nations and of war in justifying Grey's actions both to Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) and to the English public, from the period immediately following the massacre until the writing of Edmund Spenser's pro-Grey apologetic, A View of the Present State of Ireland (ca. 1596). On this view, the papal troops at Smerwick were considered brigands, pirates, or, in Marcus Tullius Cicero's words, “communis hostis omnium”—a common enemy to all—and enjoyed no standing as lawful enemies under the law of nations. In the sixteenth century, the established law of nations was hardly a seamless web but manifested significant cleavages and fissures allowing for the construction of localized spheres of legal exception in which the ordinary rules of warfare did not apply, thus providing a convenient juridical rationale for atrocity.

Versions of the Common

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literature And Society ◽  
The Common ◽  
Richard Mulcaster ◽  
The Relationship

The first chapter establishes the double sense of the word ‘common’ as something universal or shared and something base. It defines the terms ‘common’ and ‘commonwealth’ against the related terms ‘public’ and ‘republic’ in the work of Thomas Starkey, Thomas Elyot, Thomas Smith, and Richard Mulcaster. It also explores the significance of the term ‘commonwealth’ in sixteenth-century thinking in order to outline the relationship between literature and society in the period. The chapter ends by pointing to the central role of the common in the relationship between humanism and Protestantism and in the question ‘why is the Renaissance in England so late?’, both of which the rest of the book will address.

Prayer and Love in Franz Rosenzweig’s Star of Redemption

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-193
Author(s):  
Yossi (Joseph) Turner
Keyword(s):  
Religious Vision ◽  
Human Love ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Epistemic Role

This article considers the various passages in Franz Rosenzweig’s Star of Redemption which give particular focus to the effective role Rosenzweig assigns to prayer with regard to the realization of divine and human love in the Star, as well as to the epistemic role of prayer in what he calls “entreating the Kingdom.” The conclusion reached is that the various passages relating to prayer in the Star of Redemption reflect a very powerful and inspiring religious vision, but that the detailed labor of systematization remains largely incomplete vis-à-vis the relationship between love and prayer in his thought.

scholarly journals Soul and body: Transcending the dialectical intellectual legacy of the West with an integral biblical view?

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danie Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
The West ◽  
Material Body ◽  
Substantial Form ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
The Relationship

Greek philosophy informed the Medieval dualistic understanding of ‘body’ and ‘soul’, which continued to influence modern Humanism and Christian views during and after the Middle Ages. These fluctuating conceptions express the directing role of dialectical basic motives. It was mainly the Greek motive of matter and form which directed the thought of Plato and Aristotle, resulting in a dualistic view of the relationship between a so-called material body and rational soul. At the Council of Vienne (1312), the Aristotelian-Thomistic doctrine of the soul as the substantial form of the body was adopted. Within Protestant circles, the‘two-substances’ view caused a distinction between a (temporal) material body and an (eternal) rational soul (see article 7 of the Swiss Confessio Helvetica Posterior and the Westminster Confession Chapter 4, paragraph 2). Dooyeweerd shows how modern philosophy has received its deepest motivation from the dialectical motive of nature and freedom, which informed the development from Descartes up to Gould and Jaspers. Finally, in the last sections, the main contours of a biblically informed view are articulated with reference to the centrality of the human I-ness, to the theory of enkaptic interlacements and to the problem of supra-temporality.Siel en liggaam: Is dit moontlik om die dialektiese intellektuele erfenis van die Westevanuit ‘n integrale bybelse siening te bowe te kom? Die Griekse filosofie vorm die agtergrond van die Middeleeuse dualistiese verstaan van ‘liggaam’ en ‘siel’ wat op sy beurt die moderne Humanisme en latere Christelike opvattinge beïnvloed het – almal in die greep van dialektiese grondmotiewe. Dit was hoofsaaklik die Griekse basiese vorm-materie-motief wat die dualistiese siening van ’n materie-liggaam en ’n redelike siel tot gevolg gehad het, soos dit in die denke van Plato en Aristoteles beslag gekry het. By die Konsilie van Wenen (1312) is die Aristotelies-Thomistiese leerstuk van die siel as substansiële vorm van die liggaam aanvaar. In Protestantse kringe het die ‘twee substansies’-siening tot die onderskeiding tussen ’n (tydelike) materie-liggaam en ’n (ewige) redelike siel (vgl. artikel 7 van die Switserse Confessio Helvetica Posterior en die Westminster Confession Hoofstuk 4, paragraaf 2) aanleiding gegee. Dooyeweerd toon aan hoedanig die moderne filosofie sy diepste motivering vanuit die dialektiese grondmotief van natuur en vryheid ontvang, wat rigting sou gee aan diedialektiese ontwikkeling vanaf Descartes tot en met Gould en Jaspers. Aan die einde word die hoof-kontoere van ’n bybels-geïnspireerde siening geartikuleer, met verwysing na die sentrale posisie van die menslike selfheid, na die teorie van enkaptiese struktuurvervlegting en na die probleem van bo-tydelikheid.

scholarly journals Elementos iniciais da relação entre o instrumento de Pedro Nunes, jacente no plano, e o cálculo da latitude no século XVI

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Francisco Wagner Soares Oliveira ◽  
Ana Carolina Costa Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
De Se ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin Version

ResumoNo século XVI, a elaboração de certos instrumentos necessários à navegação era um trabalho que impulsionava tanto o desenvolvimento das ciências como também a aproximação das matemáticas a situações de ordem prática, isso porque tais aparatos necessitavam garantir a precisão nas medidas. Como exemplo, tem-se o fato de Pedro Nunes (1502-1578), cosmógrafo-mor do reino de Portugal, com base nas matemáticas propor instrumentos como o nônio e o jacente no plano. Esse primeiro, desempenhava o papel de uma escala, a qual tinha como função aumentar o grau de precisão de determinados instrumentos. Já o jacente no plano foi proposto como forma de se obter a altura angular do Sol em relação ao plano do horizonte. Nesse artigo, dá-se destaque ao jacente no plano com base em sua função, em particular na determinação da latitude. Nesse sentido, tem-se como objetivo identificar elementos iniciais da relação do jacente no plano com o cálculo da latitude a partir do tratado latino De arte atque ratione navigandi de Pedro Nunes, publicado em 1566, na Basileia. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa de cunho documental, direcionado o estudo a versão de 2008 do Tratado publicado pela Academia de Ciências de Lisboa, no qual traz a versão latina e a sua tradução em português. Desse estudo, foi possível observar que o jacente no plano faz parte dos instrumentos de alturas da época e que de fato pode ter sido pensado para ajudar na determinação da latitude, visto a quantidade que fornece ser utilizada dentre outras funções para indicar a distância entre o Sol e o zênite. Dentre as descrições de Pedro Nunes expressas em De arte atque ratione navigandi não se verificou qualquer registro de sua utilização para o cálculo da latitude, sabe-se apenas com base em outros documentos do período que foi utilizado em aulas teóricas ministradas a pilotos.Palavras-chave: Jacente no plano; Latitude; De arte atque ratione navigandiAbstractIn the sixteenth century, the elaboration of certain instruments necessary for navigation was a work that promoted both the development of the sciences and the approximation of mathematics to practical situations, because these devices needed to guarantee precision in measurements. As an example, we have the fact that Pedro Nunes (1502-1578), cosmographer of the kingdom of Portugal, based on mathematics propose instruments such as the nonius and the new instrument to find the altitude of sun. The first one, it played the role of a scale, whose function was to increase the accuracy of certain instruments. In addition, the new instrument at the altitude of sun was proposed as a way of obtaining the angular height of the Sun in relation to the plane of the horizon. In this paper, the new instrument at the altitude of sun is highlighted based on its function, in particular in determining the latitude. In this sense, the objective is to identify initial elements of the relationship of the new instrument to the altitude of sun with the calculation of latitude from the Latin treatise De art atque ratione navigandi from Pedro Nunes, published in 1566, in Basel. For that, a qualitative documentary methodology was used, directing the study to the 2008 version of the treaty published by the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, in which it brings the Latin version and its translation into Portuguese. From this study, it was possible to observe that the new instrument to find the altitude of sun is part of the instruments of heights of the time that made possible the measurement of latitude,which among its functions was used to indicate the distance between the Sun and the Zenith. Among Pedro Nunes' descriptions expressed in De arte atque ratione navigandi there was no record of its use for the calculation of latitude, it is known only on the basis of other documents of the period that was used in theoretical lectures given to pilots.Keywords: the new instrument to find the altitude of sun; attitude; De arte atque ratione navigandi.

“Be Fruitful and Multiply”: Genesis and Generation in Reformation Germany

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 904-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Crowther-Heyck
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Human Mortality ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

This essay analyzes vernacular texts on reproduction from sixteenth-century Germany. It examines religious texts, including sermons and devotional treatises for pregnant women, as well as medical texts, such as midwifery manuals, books on the “secrets of nature,” and anatomical treatises. Vernacular authors, both medical and clerical, ascribed enormous spiritual and symbolic significance to human generation. Conception, pregnancy, and birth were linked to the biblical account of the creation and fall of mankind. In the creation of the child in the womb, sixteenthcentury Germans saw an echo of the original divine act of creation. And in the sufferings of a woman in labor they saw a reenactment of Christ's Passion. Discussions of reproduction thus served as a starting point for meditations on original sin, human mortality, and the relationship between body and soul.

Karl Rahner’s Theology of Love in Dialogue with Social Psychology and Neuroscience

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-573
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Thomas ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Human Love ◽  
Christian Discipleship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

The commandment to “love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 25:39) is central to Christian discipleship. How does the concrete way that we express love enhance or diminish our ability to love? This paper brings Karl Rahner’s theology of neighbor love into dialogue with a description of altruism and compassion provided by social psychologist, C. Daniel Batson, and neuroscientists Tania Singer and Olga Klimecki. For Rahner, grace enables and sustains love. In addition, a mutually reciprocal relationship of unity exists between human love for God, neighbor, and self. Furthermore, Rahner contends prayer as one way to cultivate compassion for another. The scientific research presented here examines aspects of the relationship between self and other known as empathy and compassion. The research of Batson, Singer, and Klimecki shed light on the role of self-love in compassion as well as the ways our capacity to empathize conditions our potential for altruism.

scholarly journals Uwagi etymologiczne w dawnych tekstach użytkowych (na przykładzie Kroniki, to jest historyi świata Marcina Bielskiego, Informacyi matematycznej Wojciecha Bystrzonowskiego i Nowych Aten Benedykta Chmielowskiego)

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Dorota Kozaryn ◽  
Agnieszka Szczaus
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of the analysis in the article are the etymological explanations presented in the old non-literary texts (i.e. the texts that function primarily outside literature, serving various practical purposes), i.e. in the sixteenth-century Kronika, to jest historyja świata (Chronicle, that is the history of the entire world) by Marcin Bielski and in two eighteenth-century encyclopaedic texts: Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski and Nowe Ateny (New Athens) by Benedykt Chmielowski. The review of the etymological comments allows us to take notice of their considerable substantive and formal diversity. These comments apply to both native and foreign vocabulary. On the one hand, they provide information on the origin of proper names (toponyms and anthroponyms), and on the other hand, a whole range of these etymological comments concern common names. A depth of etymological comments presented in non-literary texts is significantly diversified and independent of the nature of the vocabulary to which these comments apply – they can be merely tips on sources of borrowings of foreign words, but they can also constitute a deeper analysis of the meaning and structure of individual words, both native and foreign. These comments are usually implementations of folk etymology. The role of etymological considerations in former non-literary texts is significant. First of all, these texts have a ludic function, typical of popularised texts – they are supposed to surprise, intrigue and entertain readers. Secondly, they serve a cognitive function typical of non-literary texts – they are supposed to expand the readers’ knowledge about the world and language. Thirdly, they have a persuasive function, which is a distinctive feature of both popularised and non-literary texts – they are supposed to provoke the readers’ thoughts on the relationship between non-linguistic reality and the linguistic way of its interpretation, they also stimulate linguistic interests, which was particularly important in the past when the reflection on the native language was poor.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Staring Down Death

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Joiner ◽  
Melanie A. Hom ◽  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Carol Chu ◽  
Ian H. Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide risk. Method: Literature relevant to the potential connection between eye blink rate and suicidality was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Anecdotal, cognitive, neurological, and conceptual support for the relationship between decreased blink rate and suicide risk is outlined. Conclusion: Given that eye blinks are a highly observable behavior, the potential clinical utility of using eye blink rate as a marker of suicide risk is immense. Research is warranted to explore the association between eye blink rate and acute suicide risk.

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