scholarly journals Determining the impact of sensor orientation on moisture content measurements in eastern white pine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2069 (1) ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
B Daouk ◽  
C Baldwin ◽  
C A Cruickshank
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Wood Sample ◽  
Empirical Correlations ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Building Envelopes ◽  
Sensor Orientation ◽  
Longitudinal Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As buildings become more airtight and insulated, the movement and accumulation of moisture within building envelopes become paramount in determining its resiliency. Current methods for quantifying the moisture content (MC) of wood species involve the measurement of electrical resistance between two installed electrodes and the use of existing empirical correlations to evaluate the MC. However, these correlations do not adequately consider the impact of sensor orientation within wall assemblies. The objective of this paper is to determine the impact of MC readings within a wood sample due to sensor orientation. A total of 126 eastern white pine samples were tested with electrodes placed along the grain of the wood (longitudinal), across the grain of the wood (tangential), and in a diamond pattern, using six different fasteners as electrodes. The samples were placed in a controlled environmental chamber until steady state was achieved at approximately 18% MC. Electrical resistances of the samples were measured in both directions at temperatures ranging from -10°C to 40°C. It was found that the tangential-to-longitudinal resistance ratio is 1.1-1.35 depending on the electrode type.

Radial growth impact of pine false webworm defoliation on eastern white pine

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E Mayfield III ◽  
Douglas C Allen ◽  
Russell D Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
New York State ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Pine False Webworm ◽  
The Impact

The impact of pine false webworm (Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.), Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) defoliation on the radial growth of mature eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) during an outbreak was assessed using a stem analysis comparison of two stands (defoliated vs. control) and increment cores collected from 21 defoliated stands and 5 control stands in northern New York State. Stem analysis revealed that whole-stem standardized annual volume increment (AVI) in a defoliated 67-year-old white pine stand (n = 10 sample trees) was reduced significantly below the AVI in the nondefoliated control stand (n = 8 sample trees) by the second year of moderate to heavy defoliation, and AVI was reduced by 97% by the fifth year of defoliation. No time lag between upper-bole and lower-bole impact was observed, and annual growth rings were more frequently missing or discontinuous at lower stem heights. The standardized latewood tracheid index was not reduced significantly below control stand levels until the third year of defoliation. Increment-core analysis revealed growth losses that corresponded with reported periods of defoliation in nearly all stands; sustained suppressions (5–16 continuous years) below a growth index of 0.5 occurred in over half of all defoliated stands. These results are discussed in relation to pine false webworm biology, comparisons with other conifer defoliators, environmental factors, and methods employed.

scholarly journals Drying and Rehydration of Atlantic White Cedar, Arizona Cypress, Eastern White Pine, Leyland Cypress and Virginia Pine Christmas Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1252-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Layne K. Snelling
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Keeping Quality ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica

Drying and rehydration characteristics were measured for Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.], Arizona cypress [Cupressus arizonica var. glabra `Carolina Sapphire' (Sudworth) Little], Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.)], Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) Christmas trees. Species varied in drying rate, loss of mass during display, water use after rehydration, the relationship between moisture content and xylem water potential (Ψ), and keeping quality. Leyland cypress and Arizona cypress rehydrated from Ψ values as low as –5.0 MPa, and remained in good condition after rehydration. The critical moisture content for Virginia pine and white pine was between –2.5 and –3.0 MPa. The ability of Atlantic white cedar to rehydrate decreased quickly with time out of water, and water consumption dropped sharply within a few days after placement in water. Change in fresh mass varied from +1% for Arizona cypress to –29% for Atlantic white cedar. Keeping quality of Virginia pine was poor, even for trees that were placed in water the day of cutting.

Eastern White Pine Cone and Seed Maturity in the Southern Appalachians

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-176
Author(s):  
James P. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
High Viability ◽  
Western North Carolina ◽  
Entire Collection ◽  
Collection Period

Abstract Tests over a 4-year period with eastern white pine in western North Carolina indicated that cone and seed maturity could not be accurately determined by specific gravity, but cone moisture content appeared to be directly related to both. A moisture content of 200% (dry weight basis) indicated maturity of both cones and seeds. After-ripening of cones for 4 weeks improved both seed yield and quality. Moist cone storage was helpful only if immature cones were collected. Dry cone storage provided seeds of high viability over the entire collection period. North. J. Appl. For. 5:172-176, Sept. 1988.

An evaluation of electrical resistance as a measure of vigor in eastern white pine

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Kostka ◽  
James L. Sherald
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Class Iv

Differences in tree vigor were observed in a planting of eastern white pine, Pinusstrobus L. Trees were visually classified into four vigor classes. Electrical resistance (ER) readings of the cambial zone and growth measurements of needles, internodes, and annual rings were compared for each class. Mean ER readings were related inversely to vigor; however, only mean readings for class 1, most vigorous, and class IV, least vigorous, trees were significantly different on four reading dates. Mean growth measurements of needles, internodes, and annual rings were significantly different for all four vigor classes.

Fungi associated with seeds of eastern white pine and white spruce during cone processing and seed extraction

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1026-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Mittal ◽  
B. S. P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Seed Extraction ◽  
Seed Conditioning

Using standard moist-blotter and potato-dextrose-agar tests, 13 species of fungi were isolated from seeds and cone scales of Pinusstrobus and 17 species from Piceaglauca. Most fungi were common to both hosts but varied considerably in prevalence on seeds during cone processing and seed extraction. Alternariaalternata, Aureobasidiumpullulans, Cladosporiumcladosporoides, C. herbarum, Fusariumsporotrichioides, Mucorhiemalis, Penicilliumaurantiogriseum, and Rhizopusnigricans were associated with more seeds than other species identified. In closed cones on trees the seeds were usually free from fungi that developed and spread during cone processing and seed extraction. Seeds extracted from cones that were kept on the forest floor showed more fungal contamination than those brought to the laboratory immediately after collection. Seed moisture content gradually decreased, while germination increased between cone collection and final seed conditioning.

scholarly journals Impact of White Pine Blister Rust on Resistant Cultivated Ribes and Neighboring Eastern White Pine in New Hampshire

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1374-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel A. Munck ◽  
Philippe Tanguay ◽  
Jennifer Weimer ◽  
Sara M. Villani ◽  
Kerik D. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Ribes Spp ◽  
The Impact

To determine the impact of white pine blister rust (WPBR) following the recent breakdown of the Cr resistance dominant gene in cultivated Ribes spp., 255 plants of 19 Ribes cultivars and 445 neighboring eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) from 42 sites across New Hampshire were evaluated. Of the 19 Ribes cultivars evaluated, 15 were WPBR resistant, and 4 of these were labeled as black currant (Ribes nigrum) with the Cr gene (Cr Ribes cultivars). Incidence of WPBR ranged from 0 to 88% for WPBR-resistant Ribes cultivars. Mean WPBR severity was 14 and <6% of leaf area for Cr Ribes and partially resistant cultivars, respectively. The presence of Cronartium ribicola was confirmed on 17 of the 19 Ribes cultivars screened with polymerase chain reaction analysis and DNA sequencing. Reference accessions of Cr Ribes cultivars from the Canadian Clonal Genebank were successfully infected with C. ribicola inoculum collected in New Hampshire from Cr Ribes cultivars and P. strobus, confirming that the vCr race of C. ribicola that has overcome the Cr resistance dominant gene in cultivated Ribes spp. is present in New Hampshire. The probability of finding pine trees with WPBR was greater for trees neighboring infected Cr Ribes cultivars (0.18) than trees neighboring WPBR-free Ribes cultivars (0.02). Results from this study suggest that the breakdown of Cr-based resistance in Ribes spp. poses a threat to the white pine resource and to cultivated Ribes production.

scholarly journals The Impact of Elongation on Change in Electrical Resistance of Electrically Conductive Yarns Woven into Fabric

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3390
Author(s):  
Željko Knezić ◽  
Željko Penava ◽  
Diana Šimić Penava ◽  
Dubravko Rogale
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Conductive Yarns ◽  
Yarn Count ◽  
As Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Electrically conductive yarns (ECYs) are gaining increasing applications in woven textile materials, especially in woven sensors suitable for incorporation into clothing. In this paper, the effect of the yarn count of ECYs woven into fabric on values of electrical resistance is analyzed. We also observe how the direction of action of elongation force, considering the position of the woven ECY, effects the change in the electrical resistance of the electrically conductive fabric. The measurements were performed on nine different samples of fabric in a plain weave, into which were woven ECYs with three different yarn counts and three different directions. Relationship curves between values of elongation forces and elongation to break, as well as relationship curves between values of electrical resistance of fabrics with ECYs and elongation, were experimentally obtained. An analytical mathematical model was also established, and analysis was conducted, which determined the models of function of connection between force and elongation, and between electrical resistance and elongation. The connection between the measurement results and the mathematical model was confirmed. The connection between the mathematical model and the experimental results enables the design of ECY properties in woven materials, especially textile force and elongation sensors.

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