scholarly journals Drivers of global nitrogen emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arunima Malik ◽  
Azusa Oita ◽  
Emily Shaw ◽  
Mengyu Li ◽  
Panittra Ninpanit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Nitrogen Efficiency ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Time Period

Abstract Nitrogen is crucial for sustaining life. However, excessive reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the form of ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen oxides or nitrous oxides affects the quality of water, air and soil, resulting in human health risks. This study aims to assess the drivers of Nr emissions by analysing six determinants: nitrogen efficiency (Nr emissions per unit of production), production recipe (inter-sectoral dependencies), final demand composition (consumption baskets of households), final demand destination (consumption vs. investment balance), affluence (final consumption per capita) and population. To this end, we construct a detailed multi-regional input-output database featuring data on international trade between 186 countries to undertake a global structural decomposition analysis of a change in global Nr emissions from 1997-2017. Our analysis shows that nitrogen efficiency has improved over the assessed time-period, however affluence, final demand destination and population growth have resulted in an overall increase in Nr emissions. We provide a global perspective of the drivers of nitrogen emissions at a detailed country level, and breakdown the change in emissions into contribution from domestic footprint and rest-of-world footprint. We highlight that food production coupled with growing international trade is increasing Nr emissions worldwide.

scholarly journals Uncovering Household Carbon Footprint Drivers in an Aging, Shrinking Society

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhuo Huang ◽  
Yosuke Shigetomi ◽  
Andrew Chapman ◽  
Ken’ichi Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Demographic Shifts ◽  
Elderly Households ◽  
The Impact

In order to meet climate change mitigation goals, nations such as Japan need to consider strategies to reduce the impact that lifestyles have on overall emission levels. This study analyzes carbon footprints from household consumption (i.e., lifestyles) using index and structural decomposition analysis for the time period from 1990 to 2005. The analysis identified that households in their 40s and 50s had the highest levels of both direct and indirect CO2 emissions, with decomposition identifying consumption patterns as the driving force behind these emissions and advances in CO2 reduction technology having a reducing effect on lifestyle emissions. An additional challenge addressed by this study is the aging, shrinking population phenomenon in Japan. The increase in the number of few-member and elderly households places upward pressure on emissions as the aging population and declining national birth rate continues. The analysis results offer two mitigatory policy suggestions: the focusing of carbon reduction policies on older and smaller households, and the education of consumers toward low-carbon consumption habits. As the aging, shrinking population phenomenon is not unique to Japan, the findings of this research have broad applications globally where these demographic shifts are being experienced.

The Change of Energy Consumption in China and its Driving Forces

2014 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 739-742
Author(s):  
Yi Cao ◽  
Shui Jun Peng ◽  
Wen Cheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Structural Decomposition ◽  
Key Driver

This paper estimates the changes of industrial embodied energy consumption in China between 1997 and 2007, and applies a structural decomposition analysis (SDA), based on non-competitive (import) input-output tables, to analyze the sources of change of China’s energy consumption from 1997 to 2007. Results show that China’s energy consumption increased sharply, especially after the accession to WTO. The SDA results indicate that the improvement of energy efficiency during 1997-2007 significantly reduced energy consumption in China while the growth of final demand was the key driver of China’s energy consumption. In addition, distribution of final demand with the declining share of consumption and the increasing share of export push energy consumption upward.

Accounting for China's Import Growth: A Structural Decomposition for 1997–2005

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 2971-2991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiansuo Pei ◽  
Erik Dietzenbacher ◽  
Jan Oosterhaven ◽  
Cuihong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Vertical Specialization ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Structural Decomposition ◽  
China’S Growth

This paper applies structural decomposition analysis to Chinese input–output tables in order to disentangle and quantify the sources of China's import growth and China's growth in vertical specialization: that is, China's incorporation into the global supply chain. China's exports and the role of processing trade therein have increased substantially in the last decade. Yet, they account for only one third of China's import growth from 1997 to 2005. Instead, the volume growth of China's domestic final demand is found to be most important. Moreover, compared with other countries, the structural change in input–output coefficients and in the commodity composition of domestic final demand turns out to be surprisingly important. Looking only at vertical specialization, it is concluded that more than half of its growth, from 21% in 1997 to 30% in 2005, is due to the growth of China's import ratios.

scholarly journals Economy-wide CO2 Emission Reduction Due to Carbon Tax in the Power Sector: A Structural Decomposition Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. P. Marpaung ◽  
Ram M. Shresta
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Structural Decomposition ◽  
Tax Rate

In this paper, a structural decomposition analysis based on an input-output framework has been developed to examine the factors, which affect the economy-wide CO2 emission changes due to the introduction of carbon tax in the Indonesian power sector during 2011-2030. There are three major components that affect the total economy-wide change in CO2 emissions, i.e., fuel mix-, structural-, and final demand- effects. The results show that, the CO2 mitigation under the carbon tax of US$200/tC would be 20.5 times higher than that with the carbon tax rate of US$5/tC.  The fuel mix effect is found to be most influential in reducing the CO2 emission during the planning horizon under all of the carbon tax rates considered and is followed by the final demand- and structural-effects.

scholarly journals Analyzing Carbon Emissions Embodied in Construction Services: A Dynamic Hybrid Input–Output Model with Structural Decomposition Analysis

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Linwei Ma ◽  
Chinhao Chong ◽  
Weidou Ni
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Structural Decomposition ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Consumer Responsibility ◽  
Dynamic Hybrid ◽  
Construction Services

The energy embodied in construction services consumed by industrial sectors used to increase capacities has led to massive energy-related carbon emissions (ERCE). From the perspective of consumer responsibility, ERCE embodied in construction services is driven by technological changes and the increases in final demand of various sectors, including final consumption, fixed assets investment, and net export. However, little attention has been paid to decomposing sectoral responsibilities from this perspective. To fill this research gap, we propose a dynamic hybrid input–output model combined with structural decomposition analysis (DHI/O-SDA model). We introduce DHI/O modeling into the estimation of ERCE embodied in construction services from the perspective of consumer responsibility and introduce SDA into DHI/O models to improve the resolution of the estimate. Taking China as a case study, we verified the DHI/O-SDA model and present the bilateral relationships among sectoral responsibilities for ERCE embodied in construction services. A major finding is that the “Other Tertiary Industry” sector is most responsible for ERCE embodied in construction services and strongly influences other sectors. Therefore, controlling the final demand increase of the service industry will be the most effective policy to reduce the ERCE embodied in construction services.

scholarly journals Sectoral water footprint dynamics: An input-output structural decomposition analysis for Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 234 ◽  
pp. 00041
Author(s):  
Abdelhak Achraf ◽  
Said Boudhar ◽  
Houda Lechheb ◽  
Hicham Ouakil
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Structural Decomposition

Over the last decades, Morocco has been facing increasingly severe water scarcity. To quantify water use in Morocco, we refer to the water footprint (WF) concept, including both direct and indirect water use. WF considered covers internal WF and exported virtual water (VW). We used the input-output structural decomposition analysis (SDA) to quantitatively analyze the drivers of changes in Morocco’s sectoral WF from 1995 to 2015. The considered mechanisms governing WF changes are the technological, economic system efficiency, and structural effects. The WF growth experienced in Morocco primarily resulted from final demand changes. The technological effect acted as an additional increase factor. Nevertheless, the economic system efficiency effect contributed to the water conservation process. Unfortunately, it was not sufficient to reverse the expansion of Morocco’s WF resulted from other driving factors. Agriculture is the dominant economic sector in WF changes, regardless of any driving factor and any period considered. The study provides insight into Morocco’s water policy limits and helps develop policies towards sustainable water resources planning and management. That is by suggesting that final demand structure adjustment and technological innovation in the agricultural sector should be at the center of Morocco’s strategies in addressing water scarcity.

Technical Change, Exports, and Employment Growth in China: A Structural Decomposition Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-46
Author(s):  
Ha Thi Thanh Doan ◽  
Trinh Quang Long
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Main Driver

This paper analyzes the sources of employment growth and assesses the contribution of exports to job creation in China. To do so, we utilize an input–output table to decompose employment growth into contributions from technical change, labor productivity, domestic final demand, and exports of domestically produced output. Our main data source is the annual input–output data from the China Industrial Productivity Database covering 1981–2010, of which employment figures have been adjusted to account for serious structural breaks observed in official statistics. The input–output framework allows us to explore both the direct impact of exports on employment within a given industry and the indirect impact through inter-industry transactions. Our major findings are four-fold. First, the increase in final demand, including both domestic demand and exports, is the main driver of employment growth in China. The strong growth in final demand offsets the decline in employment caused by enhanced labor productivity, especially during the 2000s. Second, the contribution of exports to job creation has increased significantly, especially in manufacturing and agriculture, following China's accession to the World Trade Organization. Third, labor productivity accelerated in all sectors, led by manufacturing. Last, most technical upgrading occurs in manufacturing, whereas agriculture experiences increased technical upgrading through the decline in labor usage.

scholarly journals Structural decomposition analysis of Latvian agrifood sector as integral part of global market

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 08007
Author(s):  
Juris Hāzners
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Structural Decomposition ◽  
Gross Value Added ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Impact

Research background: the Latvian agrifood sector is continuously becoming more integrated in global markets. Imports and exports of agricultural commodities grow every year. At the same time, changes in output from agriculture and food processing are moderate. The main factors that can be used to characterize these sectors are employment, gross value added and income. The main causes of the changes of these three factors could be estimated by structural decomposition analysis. Purpose of the article: the objective of the research is the decomposition of the percentage changes over time in employment, gross value added and income in Latvian economy by their source: changes in intensities per unit of output, changes in the intermediate consumption and changes in the final demand structure. Methods: the traditional methods of the Input-Output framework, such as multipliers, elasticities, causative matrices enable the estimation of structural trends in economy sectors. However, they do not provide the share in the total impact of various factors on the changes in the economy. Structural decomposition analysis estimates the relative size of the impact of these factors within the total impact. Findings & Value added: the research results show rather large positive impact of final demand factor on employment, gross value added and income changes in both sectors. The impact of the intensities (reverse factor productivities), in turn, is large and negative. The impact of the intermediate demand is less marked. As the growth in final demand can be attributed solely to increase in export demand, this combined with the growth in labor productivity are the main drivers of employment changes in agriculture. The method can be effectively applied to other variables of interest for which the calculated intensities per unit of output make sense, such as carbon emissions, greenhouse gas emissions or energy input.

The Effects of Trade, Domestic Final Demand and Technology on Energy Consumption of China

2014 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 743-746
Author(s):  
Shui Jun Peng ◽  
Yi Cao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Final Demand ◽  
Technology Change ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Structural Decomposition Analysis ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
China’S Economy

The rapid growth of China’s economy consumed a lot of energy, but excessive energy consumption may constraint the sustainable development of China. This paper constructs a two-tier structural decomposition analysis model to decompose the change of energy use during 1987 and 2010 into 11 factors, and analyze the results of sub-periods. The results show that the scale and products’ structure of domestic final demand, the scale of exports, imports substitution, the structure and the input technology of material promoted the energy in the whole period. However, the intensity of energy, the products structure of exports , the structure and technology change of energy input reduced the energy consumption.

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