Recycling paper industry: Analysis of raw material consumption in Indonesia

In this work, we provide an innovative route for analysing urban expansion and population growth and their link to the consumption of construction materials by combining satellite data with material consumption analysis within the Hanoi Province (Vietnam). Urban expansion is investigated with the use of landcover maps for the period 1975–2020 derived from satellite. During this period, artificial surfaces and agricultural areas have increased by 11.6% and 15.5%, respectively, while forests have decreased by 26.7%. We have used publicly available datasets to calculate and forecast the construction materials consumption and measure its statistical correlation with urban expansion between 2007 and 2018. Our results show that official figures for sand consumption are currently underestimated, and that by 2030, steel and sand and gravel consumption will increase even further by three and two times, respectively. Our analysis uses a new method to assess urban development and associated impacts by combining socio-economic and Earth Observation datasets. The analysis can provide evidence, underpin decision-making by authorities, policymakers, urban planners and sustainability experts, as well as support the development of informed strategies for resource consumption. It can also provide important information for identifying areas of land conservation and ecological greenways during urban planning.

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Continuous-Flow Processes for the Production of Floxacin Intermediates: Efficient C–C Bond Formation through a Rapid and Strong Activation of Carboxylic Acids

Pharmaceutical Fronts ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1722215 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 02 (03) ◽

pp. e128-e132

Author(s):

Shao-Zheng Guo ◽

Zhi-Qun Yu ◽

Wei-Ke Su

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Flow System ◽

Bond Formation ◽

Product Yield ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Consumption ◽

Tank Reactor ◽

Mild Conditions ◽

Flow Processes

AbstractThe development of highly efficient C–C bond formation methods for the synthesis of ethyl 2-(2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl)-3-(dimethylamino)acrylate 1 in continuous flow processes has been described, which is based on the concept of rapid and efficient activation of carboxylic acid. 2,4-Dichloro-5-fluorobenzoic acid is rapidly converted into highly reactive 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorobenzoyl chloride by treating with inexpensive and less-toxic solid bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate. And then it rapidly reacts with ethyl 3-(dimethylamino)acrylate to afford the desired 1. This process can be performed under mild conditions. Compared with the traditional tank reactor process, less raw material consumption, higher product yield, less reaction time, higher operation safety ensured by more the environmentally friendly procedure, and process continuity are achieved in the continuous-flow system.

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NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT BUILDINGS AND CITIES

GEOLINKS Conference proceedings, Book 2 Volume 2 ◽

10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/33 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Barbara Widera

Keyword(s):

Urban Design ◽

Well Being ◽

Sustainable Growth ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Raw Material ◽

End User ◽

Material Consumption ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Sustainable Urbanization ◽

And Performance

The paper addresses the topic of nature-based solutions applied in the architectural and urban design. These ideas are analyzed in the context of the opportunities they create for the humanity in terms of the sustainable growth and environmental protection. Nature-based solutions are inherently taken from nature. The first part of the paper presents their tremendous potential to be energy and resource-efficient, and resilient to change. In the second part of the research particular concepts driven from nature (copied form nature or inspired by nature) proposed for the buildings and cities are described and evaluated. The author discusses their functional usefulness, spatial appropriateness, adaptation to local conditions, end-user comfort, environmental benefits and the possibility of duplication. Nature-based solutions applied in urban planning can make cities more climate resilient and contribute to ecosystems restoration. The paper describes how sustainable urbanization can stimulate economic growth, make cities more attractive and enhance well-being of the inhabitants. It is also explained how particular buildings can benefit from the concepts driven from nature e.g. by increasing their energy efficiency and performance in terms of raw material consumption. In purpose to properly response to the climate challenge, humanity has to establish a new kind of partnership with nature. Using nature-based solutions should be considered as an important part of this approach. The concepts presented in this paper show some of the most promising options, such as integration of living systems with built systems and innovative combinations of soft and hard engineering. In conclusion some of the most promising nature-based solutions for climate resilient buildings and cities are indicated

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Using biomass residues from oil palm industry as a raw material for pulp and paper industry: potential benefits and threat to the environment

Environment Development and Sustainability ◽

10.1007/s10668-012-9390-4 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 367-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Pooja Singh ◽

Othman Sulaiman ◽

Rokiah Hashim ◽

Leh Cheu Peng ◽

Rajeev Pratap Singh

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper Industry ◽

Pulp And Paper ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biomass Residues ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Oil Palm Industry

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WOOD COMPONENTS AS SOURCES OF PENTO-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS FOR SYNTHESIS OF USEFUL COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTS AND REAGENTS

IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA ◽

10.6060/ivkkt.20216403.6363 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 107-115

Author(s):

Irina A. Chetvertneva ◽

Oleg Kh. Karimov ◽

Galina A. Teptereva ◽

Natalia S. Tivas ◽

Eldar M. Movsumzade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Condensation Reaction ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Monomer Unit ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Transformations ◽

Covalent Bonds ◽

Industry Waste ◽

Wood Processing

The paper considers the main components and products of wood processing, agricultural waste, pulp and paper industry waste and qualifies them as sources of pentose-containing resource-renewable domestic raw materials. The article describes in detail the structural components of wood as a natural polymer, which contains aromatic and carbohydrate parts. It is noted that these poly-mers are promising as raw materials for the production of useful chemical products. The role of lignin, cellolose and hemicellulose in the design of mechanical and structural properties of wood is considered. The article considers the features of the sulfonation reactions of the lignin monomer unit depending on the pH of the medium: acidic, neutral and alkaline. There are three main reac-tions that occur simultaneously with lignin in the process of wood delignification during sulfite cooking, such as the sulfonation reaction, the hydrolytic destruction reaction, and the condensation reaction. It is shown that the lignin-hemicellulose matrix contains three types of interconnected mesh structures: the lignin itself; a network of covalent bonds of lignin with hemicelluloses, and a network whose structure is obtained due to the hydrogen bond and the forces of the physical inter-action of lignin and hemicelluloses. The features of chemical transformations of the monomeric aromatic link of lignosulfonate – phenylpropane unit in the processes of wood delignification, the main chemical reactions of wood raw material delignification under the conditions of sulfite and neutral-sulfite brews are shown. The method of quantitative determination of monosaccharides in the composition of the carbohydrate part is proposed.

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Development and optimization of the demineralization process for the extraction of chitin from Omani Portunidae segnis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-21477/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Noura Hamed Khalifa Al Shaqsi ◽

Horiya Ali Said Al Hoqani Al Hoqani ◽

Md. Amzad Hossain ◽

Mohammed Abdullah Al Sibani

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Optical Emission ◽

Raw Material ◽

Organic Polymer ◽

Emission Spectrometry ◽

Icp Oes ◽

Coarse Powder ◽

Calcium And Phosphorus

Abstract Background: Chitin is an organic polymer and it is rich marine natural polysaccharide after the cellulose. The main natural sources of chitin are exoskeletons of insects, mollusks, the cell walls of certain fungi and crustaceans such as crabs, shrimps and lobsters. The waste of these marine exoskeletons are pollutant for the environment continuously, but this raw material could be used for the production of commercial chitin. The chitin is an important raw material used for water treatment, agricultural, biomedicinal, biotechnological purposes, food and paper industry and cosmetics. Based on the variety of importance, the present targets of this study is to i. optimize the demineralization process for the removal of calcium and phosphorus from the waste of Portunidae segnis (P. segnis) by using acid at ambient temperature ii. characterize the isolated demineralized sample as well as the percentage of remaining calcium and phosphorus by using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The coarse powder samples of P. segnis were demineralized with seven different concentrations of hydrochloric acid at ambient temperature for 1 hour. All the demineralization samples at different concentrations were analysed by using sensitive ICP-OES. The results based on ICP-OES showed that among the seven different concentrations wused in the demineralization process for the isolation of chitin, the best was 2M of HCl concentration for the production of chitin. Conclusion: The develop optimized demineralization process could be used commercially for the isolation of chitin for the preparation of agriculture, biomedicine, biotechnological purposes.

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